This study examines the role of the timing of obligatory disambiguating information – obligatory cues – and presence/absence of optional morphological markers in resolving temporary syntactic ambiguity in Spanish object relative clauses. Native adult comprehension (Study 1) reveals similar accuracy for clauses with relatively early obligatory cues, regardless of the presence/absence of additional markers, and those with late obligatory cues with additional markers, but reduced accuracy for those with late obligatory cues without additional markers. Given the phonetic resemblance of the late-disambiguated variant with its corresponding subject relative, we conduct two follow-up perceptual identification tasks with the whole relative clause, including the head (Study 2), and relative clause fragments (Study 3). The identification tasks show that, when instructed to attend to the form of the structures, participants perceive acoustic differences but retain a bias towards subject-relative interpretations. Our results suggest that additional markers aid comprehension of non-canonical structures when obligatory cues occur relatively late within the structure and highlight the dominance of predictive processing over perceptual information in such cases of late disambiguation.

There has been limited research into the effectiveness of penetrating captive bolt (PCB) for stunning horses (Equus caballus) at slaughter. This study observed 100 horses at a commercial abattoir in Mexico, stunned using pneumatic PCB. Animals were assessed at the time of stunning and immediately after for signs of effective/ineffective stunning and shot positioning, with macroscopic gross brain pathology conducted to determine brain trauma. Twenty-five percent (25/100) received more than one shot and 28% (28/100) displayed behavioural signs of ineffective stunning. Of these 28 animals, all had deviations of more than 10 mm from the suggested shot position outlined by the Humane Slaughter Association with rostral-caudal deviation associated with an absence of damage to the thalamus, midbrain, and pons. Forty-four percent (44/100) of animals displayed no damage to critical brain structures (thalamus, midbrain, pons and medulla), with this associated with ineffective stunning. Overall, 16% of shots missed the brain (16/100), with a higher proportion of poll shots (30%) missing the brain compared to frontal shots (12%). There is the potential, when animals are shot into the poll, for paralysis from damage to the spinal cord and caudal brainstem structures. Appropriate position, angle and performance of PCB is therefore vital to achieving an effective stun, by targeting critical brain structures responsible for maintaining consciousness and ensuring proper PCB maintenance. Animals should be routinely checked between stunning and exsanguination, with minimal time between these stages, to minimise recovery of consciousness and alleviate suffering for horses at slaughter.

One of the central insights of critical and constructivist International Relations (IR) scholarship is that identity-seeking matters in world politics. Ontological Security Studies (OSS) has expanded on this insight, emphasising that actors may prioritise maintaining a stable sense of self over physical security and other concerns. Yet the question of radical identity change, particularly its affective dimension, remains underexplored. To address this gap, we draw on Lacanian psychoanalysis and argue that ontological security is sustained by fantasies aimed at filling a primordial lack that can never be resolved. This lack generates anxiety, which actors attempt to soothe by attaching their desires to empirical signifiers – objects-cause of desire – that promise wholeness. Our argument centres on the idea that the rearticulation of desire occurs through the affective mechanism of catharsis, manifesting as either metaphor or metonymy. We illustrate our argument through the case of Serbia’s cathartic (re)articulation of Kosovo as its object-cause of desire. In particular, we juxtapose earlier successful articulations of Kosovo as a metaphoric substitution for other desires with more recent, less effective attempts to rearticulate the north of Kosovo and the submerged cultural heritage in Gazivode Lake as metonymic substitutions for the rest of the territory.

A new species of flatfish (Pleuronectiformes) is described from early Oligocene deposits of the Keasey Formation near Mist, Oregon, USA. The rare preservation of an articulated fish in the Mist crinoid lagerstätte is likely because the specimen represents a relatively pelagic immature individual that had not yet settled into the typical benthic lifestyle of adult flatfishes. The new species is included in a phylogenetic analysis; although it is lacking many characters, it is recovered as an early diverging lineage, sister to the extant members of the superfamily Pleuronectoidea. This phylogenetic position fits well with the age of this fossil and conforms with the origin of flatfishes occurring in the early Cenozoic, followed by diversification and radiation throughout the Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene epochs.

Schizophrenia is a severe and disabling psychiatric illness that profoundly affects a person’s ability to think clearly, perceive reality, manage emotions, and engage in daily activities. While antipsychotic medications have long been the cornerstone of treatment, debates persist around their long-term use and potential impacts on brain structure and function. In our review, we examine whether antipsychotic medications improve or worsen long-term outcomes in schizophrenia, particularly when treatment is refused or discontinued. Drawing from randomized controlled trials, large-scale observational studies, forensic outcome data, international guidelines, and neuroimaging research, the findings demonstrate that sustained antipsychotic treatment significantly reduces relapse, improves functional outcomes, and may protect against neurobiological deterioration. In contrast, untreated or inconsistently treated psychosis is associated with higher relapse rates, treatment resistance, cognitive decline, and progressive brain changes. While treatment must be personalized and compassionate, the cumulative evidence supports the critical role of early and continuous antipsychotic use in preserving health, autonomy, and long-term recovery for individuals living with schizophrenia.

This research note examines the evolving nature of political parties in the contemporary era, with a particular focus on the trend of movementization, defined as the process by which political parties adopt organizational, strategic, and discursive elements of social movements to revitalize their declining structures and reconnect with society. While early studies on this phenomenon primarily focused on movement parties—challenger actors that positioned themselves at the intersection of institutional and contentious politics, blending conventional and unconventional repertoires of action—recent developments suggest that movementization is no longer confined to movement-parties only. Instead, it is becoming a broader trend affecting both challenger and mainstream parties across the entire ideological spectrum. This research note aims to review and critically assess the existing literature on movementization, identifying key theoretical and empirical contributions while highlighting unresolved questions and methodological gaps. Although substantial work has been done on individual case studies, the field remains fragmented and lacks systematic comparative analysis. To advance the study of movementization, this note calls for a shift from case-centric approaches toward comparative frameworks, integrating quantitative indicators and cross-national perspectives to better assess the prevalence, drivers, and consequences of this transformation. By doing so, it seeks to contribute to a more structured and generalizable understanding of how movementization is reshaping contemporary party politics.

This article argues that allegorical exegesis is important for understanding the writings of William of Malmesbury, both in his exegesis and beyond. In the mid-1130s, William penned a commentary on Lamentations in part to explain the causes and aftermath of the Norman Conquest. His allegorical exegesis decried exploitation and mismanagement of ecclesiastical lands by episcopal appointees from the continent, including his own bishop, Roger of Salisbury. In William’s sometimes veiled yet unmistakable critiques, Roger appears as an invading tyrant whose tenure as abbot of Malmesbury amounts to a period of Babylonian captivity for the monks of that house.

Four Palaearctic species of Staphylininae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) are reported from North America for the first time: Heterothops cognatus Sharp, H. praevius (Erichson), Philonthus chujoi Dvořák, and Quedius (Raphirus) maurorufus (Gravenhorst). We suspect that these species are part of a more recent cohort of accidental introductions to North America. Notably, two of them are native to the East Palaearctic, an unusual source of adventive staphylinids in North America because nearly all others are native to Central Europe. We suggest that the East Palaearctic is an underrecognised and increasingly important source for recently adventive soil invertebrates and that increased taxonomic focus on this fauna is important to North American biosecurity. The detection of trans-Palaearctic H. praevius resulted in the recognition of H. praevius Erichson (= H. marmotae Smetana syn. nov.). We also newly report the Nearctic species Heterothops conformis Smetana and H. sordidus Smetana from eastern North America. Philonthus debilis, a close relative of P. chujoi, is reported from the Yukon Territory, representing the northernmost locality known for this long-established adventive species. Illustrations of diagnostic features, barcode data, and distribution maps are provided for all four species. Updated or new identification keys are provided to aid in the recognition of these species in eastern North America.

The present article stresses the unmatched quality of late-medieval English manorial documents, both in quantity and quality, and their importance for both economic and environmental history. The corpus of manorial documents is used here as a case study to reinvigorate interest in late-medieval agricultural history of England. To do so, the paper suggests to integrate manorial documents with methods and data from other palaeo-scientific disciplines: palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology, aDNA analysis, stable isotope analysis, palaeo-epigenetics, and molecular analysis of parchments. The paper argues that involving scientists from these fields in collaborative work and integrating the novel analysis of manorial documents and palaeo-scientific data will both help resolve various outstanding controversies and reshape the discipline. But beyond that, such interdisciplinary interdisciplinary framework has a strong potential to ask and answer new questions, create new data knowledge, and take our knowledge to new heights.

Despite the burgeoning literature on historical humanitarianism and transnational history, little work has sought to explain the humanitarian intervention in the ‘first battleground’ of the Cold War, namely the Greek Civil War (1945–9). This paper casts light on the intricate relationship between civilians’ forced displacement and humanitarian aid during the late phases of this conflict. It also questions the extent to which humanitarianism was embedded into liberal and conservative politics of the early Cold War.

From 1941, multiple humanitarian organisations distributed aid to famine-stricken Greek areas, while the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) intervened in Greece in 1943. As the civil strife intensified, more than 700,000 civilians were displaced during the royalist counterinsurgency operations against the communist rebels, while humanitarian groups received the mandate by the royalist government to feed, accommodate and rehabilitate these populations. Most of these relief workers had grappled with wartime famine and relied on the restoration of the pre-war political system to solidify their presence in Greece.

Drawing on archival material from UNRRA and the personal records of humanitarian workers Charles Schermerhorn and Ewan John Christian Hare, I scrutinise how humanitarian logistics became embedded into the conflict, and how the distribution or withholding, of aid determined the forced displacement of civilians. On a second level, I focus on the antagonism between the aid distributed by ‘purely’ humanitarian organisations, such as UNRRA, the NEF and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the so-called ‘development’ aid, as institutionalised by the European Recovery Program in 1948.

Nakamura and Tsuji recently obtained an integral inequality involving a Laplace transform of even functions that implies, at the limit, the Blaschke-Santaló inequality in its functional form. Inspired by their method, based on the Fokker-Planck semi-group, we extend the inequality to non-even functions. We consider a well-chosen centering procedure by studying the infimum over translations in a double Laplace transform. This requires a new look on the existing methods and leads to several observations of independent interest on the geometry of the Laplace transform. Application to reverse hypercontractivity is also given.