This study aims to explore the feasibility and accuracy of utilizing large language models (LLMs) to assess the risk of bias (ROB) in cohort studies. We conducted a pilot and feasibility study in 30 cohort studies randomly selected from reference lists of published Cochrane reviews. We developed a structured prompt to guide the ChatGPT-4o, Moonshot-v1-128k, and DeepSeek-V3 to assess the ROB of each cohort twice. We used the ROB results assessed by three evidence-based medicine experts as the gold standard, and then we evaluated the accuracy of LLMs by calculating the correct assessment rate, sensitivity, specificity, and F1 scores for overall and item-specific levels. The consistency of the overall and item-specific assessment results was evaluated using Cohen’s kappa (κ) and prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa. Efficiency was estimated by the mean assessment time required. This study assessed three LLMs (ChatGPT-4o, Moonshot-v1-128k, and DeepSeek-V3) and revealed distinct performance across eight assessment items. Overall accuracy was comparable (80.8%–83.3%). Moonshot-v1-128k showed superior sensitivity in population selection (0.92 versus ChatGPT-4o’s 0.55, P < 0.001). In terms of F1 scores, Moonshot-v1-128k led in population selection (F = 0.80 versus ChatGPT-4o’s 0.67, P = 0.004). ChatGPT-4o demonstrated the highest consistency (mean κ = 96.5%), with perfect agreement (100%) in outcome confidence. ChatGPT-4o was 97.3% faster per article (32.8 seconds versus 20 minutes manually) and outperformed Moonshot-v1-128k and DeepSeek-V3 by 47–50% in processing speed. The efficient and accurate assessment of ROB in cohort studies by ChatGPT-4o, Moonshot-v1-128k, and DeepSeek-V3 highlights the potential of LLMs to enhance the systematic review process.

Since the inception of the United States, religion has long permeated its politics, so much so that racial construction cannot be fully understood without first dissecting America’s cosmological underpinnings. This article maps the founding of ethnic democracy within European modernity and its centrality to the development of the American nation-state. I contend that American ethnic democracy emerges when ethno-racial tyranny expresses itself as white supremacy that is built and sustained through a cosmological justification for its political existence. The political ramifications reveal an unfolding of transhistorical racial terror against the Black as a precondition for ethno-democratic continuity. Nevertheless, contestations against the US ethno-democratic state emerge via the heretical praxis of Black rebels who, through a commitment to subversive belief systems, struggle for Black freedom as a recovery of abolition–democracy.

How can public agencies become more responsive to marginalized citizens? We develop a theory of bureaucratic responsiveness as the product of resources, representation, and recognition. While material investments and inclusion of marginalized personnel are insufficient in passive forms, they can be jointly activated through institutional recognition: organizational dynamics that enhance a social group’s visibility and ascribe value to efforts to meet their needs. We illustrate this in the domains of policing and gender, examining station-level Women’s Help Desks in India. Combining a large-scale experiment and sustained qualitative research, we reveal how the desks—when staffed by female officers—increased police responsiveness to women’s cases. This occurred as female personnel actively used help desk resources to build professional standing while supporting women. These gains, however, were constrained by patriarchal norms that limit reporting and prosecution of gender-based violence. Our findings illuminate possibilities and challenges of institutional change in unequal settings.

Macrophytes serve as indicators of aquatic ecosystem health and are often employed in monitoring the condition of water bodies. Traditionally, such observations are conducted in situ, but remote sensing offers a cost-effective and scalable alternative. Here, an algorithm for macrophyte detection using satellite data was created; we utilized clustering, with its results serving as target labels for building a machine-learning model. We developed a model for macrophyte identification using reflectance data in the near-infrared band during spring and summer. The derived algorithm, employing Sentinel-2 satellite reflectance data, enables the identification of open water, submerged and floating macrophytes and emergent macrophytes. This approach enhances the efficiency and applicability of macrophyte assessment, bridging the gap between field observations and remote sensing for comprehensive aquatic ecosystem monitoring.

Climate-smart agriculture that promotes climate change adaptation and mitigation while improving livelihoods is being advocated to smallholder farmers. Most studies in this area focus on the yield and income impacts of practices, but we explore farmer well-being impacts. Using a multi-criteria analysis embedded in an in-person questionnaire, our findings suggest that smallholder farmers in Southern Malawi have diverse preferences for climate-smart practices based on location, access to markets and resources and importance placed on climate adaptation. The use of multidimensional well-being criteria provides deeper insights into the motivations and priorities of farmers, revealing trade-offs between immediate food needs and climate adaptation concerns, as well as between the need for incentives versus the risk of conditional credits. Our study calls for tailored climate-smart agriculture projects that allow farmers to adopt practices that meet their needs.

This paper asks how an ontological perspective on Late Nordic Bronze Age art can advance archaeological interpretation of the ornamentation on personal objects used and carried directly on human bodies. To this end, the theoretical concepts perspectivism and ontological alterity are operationalized as an alternative to epistemological approaches to art. This entails framing the art on personal objects as a set of relations with the capacity to act and affect the lives of the humans interacting with it, rather than as representations. A central point is that this art should be considered as cosmology rather than representations of cosmology. The relational effects of this art in its bodily context are presented in examples illustrating how cosmology was encountered and experienced through the use of the objects. The paper concludes that art functioned as a medium for dialogue between the metaphysical and physical realities as it made cosmology present via personal objects.

This article argues that the late Ottoman Empire saw the rise of a novel concept of difference, the “millet,” that fundamentally reordered the lives of the empire’s many subjects. Rather than a term with clearly identifiable content—“religion,” “nation,” “ethnicity,” or otherwise—millet should be understood instead as auguring the emergence of history as the organizing principle of the late Ottoman politics of difference. Unlike the Islamic distinction between Muslim and non-Muslim that had previously structured Ottoman rule, the millet paradigm did not stipulate any predetermined set of terms through which difference had to be articulated. Instead, it issued an injunction to Ottoman subjects to merely say who they were, to declare the name they went by—to confess. This simple injunction, however, which appeared to require nothing other than assent to the reality of history itself, tended to misfire. When it did, Ottoman subjects confronted the anxious truth that history—the purported ground of the millet paradigm of difference—was no ground at all.