Glacier collapse features, linked to subglacial cavities, are increasingly common on retreating Alpine glaciers. These features are hypothesized to result from glacier downwasting and subsurface ablation processes but the understanding regarding their distribution, formation and contribution to glacier mass loss remains limited. We present a Swiss-wide inventory of 223 collapse features observed over the past 50 years, revealing a sharp increase in their occurrence since the early 2000s. Using high-resolution digital elevation models, we derive a relationship between collapse feature area and ice ablation and estimate the Swiss-wide contribution of collapse features to glacier mass loss to be $19.8\times 10^6\,\text{m}^3$ of ice between 1971 and 2023. Based on extensive observations at Rhonegletscher, including surface displacement, ground-penetrating radar and drone-based elevation models, we quantify subsurface ablation rates of up to 27 cm d−1 and provide a detailed description of the collapse processes. We propose that glacier downwasting, enhanced energy supply through subglacial conduits and locally increased basal melt are key components to subglacial cavity growth. Our results highlight the importance of collapse features in the ongoing retreat of Alpine glaciers, stressing the need for further research to understand their formation and long-term implications for glacier dynamics under climate change.

The United Nations (UN) has operated a longstanding peacekeeping mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while simultaneously contributing to rule-of-law building and transitional justice processes. Sexual violence is widespread in the DRC including routine allegations against UN peacekeepers. The operation of numerous legal systems and judicial mechanisms in the DRC produces a legally plural environment that is difficult for survivors of sexual and gender-based violence to navigate, and this is especially true for survivors of peacekeeper-perpetrated sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA). In this paper, we explore justice-seeking among SEA survivors in the DRC and the challenges imposed by the complicated jurisdictions and layered legalities pertaining to SEA. Moreover, we argue that, beyond barriers to justice, we see a recession of justice for SEA produced by the United Nations and member states positioning SEA as distinct from other forms of gender-based harms and exacerbated through the legal navigational challenges faced by survivors.

As technology fosters connections among like-minded individuals, concerns about the effects of homogeneous clusters—often criticized as ideological bubbles and echo chambers—have intensified. While these clusters are commonly seen as obstacles to independent thought and progress, this paper argues that they can, under certain conditions, drive significant advancements. By revising computational models of collective problem-solving and examining historical cases, I demonstrate that clusters, particularly among minority groups with superior ideas, can overcome dominant resistance and promote progress. However, this clustering introduces trade-offs, including slower consensus formation.

The frequency of major theory change in natural science is rapidly decreasing. Sprenger and Hartmann (2019) claim that this observation can improve the justificatory basis of scientific realism, by way of what can be called a stability argument. By enriching the conceptual basis of Sprenger and Hartmann’s argument, this article shows that stability arguments pose a strong and novel challenge to scientific anti-realists. However, an anti-realist response to this challenge is also proposed. The resulting dialectic establishes a level of meaningful disagreement about the significance of stability arguments for scientific realism and indicates how the disagreement can ultimately be resolved.

In a field experiment where revelation of co-worker earnings and the shape of the earnings distribution are exogenously controlled, I test whether relative earnings information itself influences effective labor supply and labor supply elasticity. Piece-rate workers shown their peer earnings standing provide significantly more labor effort. However, the productivity boost from earnings disclosure disappears when inequalities in the underlying piece rate exist. By cross-randomizing net of tax piece rates, labor supply elasticity with respect to the net of tax wage is also estimated. Unlike labor level, I find this labor elasticity is unchanged by the relative standing information. Taken together, these findings have direct implications for how to best model relative status concerns in utility functions, supporting some and precluding other common ways. More speculatively, they also suggest social comparisons could be strategically used to grow firm output or the tax base, and, that underlying inequalities in compensation schemes inhibit the ability of social comparisons to incentivize work.

This essay reviews the following works:

Del antiperonismo al individualismo autoritario: Ensayos e intervenciones (2015–2023). By Ezequiel Adamovsky. Buenos Aires: Unsam, 2023. $18.00 ebook. ISBN: 9789878938494.

¿Por qué ganó Milei? Disputas por la hegemonía y la ideología en Argentina. By Javier Balsa. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica Argentina, 2024. $10.99 ebook. ISBN: 9789877194739.

El sueño intacto de la centroderecha. By Mariana Gené and Gabriel Vommaro. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2023. Pp. 320. $22.24 paperback. ISBN: 9789878012193.

El peronismo de Cristina: El Frente de Todos, entre la dolorosa unidad, la escasez y la guerra interminable con el establishment. By Diego Genoud. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI Editores, 2021, Pp. 336. $8.84 paperback. ISBN: 9789878010755.

El loco: La vida desconocida de Javier Milei y su irrupción en la política argentina. By Juan Luis González. Buenos Aires: Planeta Argentina, 2023. $4.99 ebook. ISBN: 9789504982890.

El kirchnerismo desarmado: La larga agonía del cuarto peronismo. By Alejandro Horowicz. Buenos Aires: Ariel, 2023. $10.99 ebook. ISBN: 9789878318608.

La hegemonía imposible: Veinte años de disputas políticas en el país del empate. Del 2001 a Alberto Fernández. By Fernando Rosso. Buenos Aires: Capital Intelectual, 2022. $7.99 ebook. ISBN: 9789876146531.

Está entre nosotros: ¿De dónde sale y hasta dónde puede llegar la extrema derecha que no vimos venir? Edited by Pablo Semán. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI Editores, 2023. $6.95 ebook. ISBN: 9789878012957.

¿La rebeldía se volvió de derecha? Cómo el antiprogresismo y la anticorrección política están construyendo un nuevo sentido común. By Pablo Stefanoni. Siglo XXI Editores, 2021. $9.99 ebook. ISBN: 9789878010533.

This research explores a circularly polarized (CP) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) designed specifically for 5G Sub-6 GHz and WiMAX applications. The antenna system utilizes a unique H-shaped feeding strip to excite each DRA element. This specialized feeding mechanism facilitates the activation of higher-order degenerate modes, including TE$_{\delta13}^x$ and TE$_{1 \delta 3}^{y}$, which are essential for achieving circular polarization. The antenna exhibits a reflection coefficient of −37.52 dB at 3.49 GHz, covering the entire CP passband and operating over a broad bandwidth of 1.35 GHz (3.40–4.75 GHz) yielding a return loss of 35.52%, making it suitable for Sub-6 GHz applications. An axial ratio bandwidth of 24.6% (3.4–4.2 GHz) is observed, with inter-port isolation of greater than −25.3 dB throughout the usable frequency band with a maximum efficiency of approximately 98%, indicating near-lossless power radiation. Additionally, the estimated gain is 5.95 dBic. The proposed MIMO design presented effectively reduces the intersecting spatial field components between antenna elements, leading to a lower envelope correlation coefficient and enhanced inter-port isolation. This diversity gain of the proposed antenna is a strong candidate for use in rich multi-path environments, helping to mitigate the effects of channel fading.. Initially, the proposed antenna design was examined using the time-domain solver of CST, followed by the fabrication of a prototype for experimental validation. The antenna exhibits a stable response, making it well-suited for 5G Sub-6 GHz and WiMAX applications.There is a satisfactory alignment between the results obtained from simulations and those observed experimentally.

The aim of this study was to explore legal educators’ perceptions of the evolving relationship between legal education and the legal profession. Through their work, do legal educators see themselves as positively influencing the development of the legal profession for the benefit of society (‘reformers’), or as merely supporting and responding to what the profession says it needs (‘reinforcers’)? Using the jurisdiction of England and Wales as a case study, the authors conducted 30 semi-structured interviews and identified common themes using template analysis. The data suggest a crisis of identity, purpose, and empowerment within this legal education community. Few participants felt they had any significant opportunity to influence reform within the legal profession, with some rejecting outright the notion that this might even be an appropriate aspiration for legal education. By contrast, most believed that law firms had a significant and increasing influence on their curricula, though there was no consensus on the legitimacy of this power. The authors argue that – in the case study context and beyond – legal educators, regulators, and policy makers must proactively monitor and respond to the evolving power dynamics within legal education, to ensure that it maximises its value for society.

This essay proposes a novel framework for conceptualising climate politics through the lens of maritime custom. Drawing on A. W. Brian Simpson’s study of Regina vs Dudley and Stephens (1884) and Cătălin Avramescu’s intellectual history of cannibalism, it critically examines ‘providential’ and ‘catastrophic’ lifeboat metaphors in political thought. Despite their apparent opposition, these metaphors share common assumptions rooted in natural law traditions. As an alternative, the essay introduces the concept of the ‘commonist lifeboat’, grounded in maritime custom, class consciousness and environmental encounters. Inspired by historical practices of survival and mutual aid at sea, this approach suggests principles for addressing climate adaptation through bottom-up customs rather than top-down theoretical solutions. Three brief illustrations address climate policy’s intersections with property law, criminal law and international human rights law. This approach ultimately offers a historically informed perspective on climate crisis challenges, reconciling consequentialist arguments with concerns for dignity and consent.