Objectives/Goals: This study evaluates the role of visual machine learning algorithms (VMLA) in automating a predictive model of central sarcopenia in geriatric trauma patients based on the psoas:lumbar vertebral index (PLVI) and trauma-specific frailty index (TSFI). Methods/Study Population: 150 trauma patients seen at Jon Michael Moore Trauma Center within J.W Ruby Memorial Hospital in rural West Virginia were included in this investigation across the life spectrum. The VMLA was trained on their standard of care trauma panoramic CT scans. Five expert reviewers segmented bilateral psoas muscles and the L4 vertebrae of each CT image at one slice inferior to the posterior elements of the L4 vertebrae. The data were read into a U-net convoluted neural network as ground truth. Labels were preprocessed to focus on the regions of interest and standardized into four classes: right psoas, left psoas, L4 vertebrae, and background. Performance was evaluated using accuracy, Dice coefficient, and F1 score. Results/Anticipated Results: Between our expert reviewer segmentations, we had significant inter-reader reliability with a Kappa greater than 0.8 and a mean standard deviation of the PLVI of 0.10mm^2. Preliminary VMLA testing on a subset of 70 patients yielded a validation accuracy of 88.5%, a Dice coefficient of 0.86, and an F1 score of 0.87 after 20 epochs. There was a moderate interclass correlation between PLVI and TSFI even though the TSFI lacks sensitivity. In fact, the PLVI is a more accurate predictor of frailty in trauma patients based on various outcome measures such as corrected length of stay. Our ongoing efforts are centered around improving the VMLA. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Our VMLA outperforms the current clinical standard, TSFI. Integration of our VMLA into the clinical workflow has the potential to revolutionize geriatric trauma care by providing rapid, accurate, identification of high-risk frail patients.

Objectives/Goals: Recognizing a critical need for sustained education and community beyond formalized training periods at Columbia University’s NCATS-CTSA, we created the TRANSFORM (TRaining And Nurturing Scholars FOr Research that is Multidisciplinary) Evolution program to preserve the networks cultivated during the KL2 program. Methods/Study Population: We will provide an overview of the genesis, expansion, key components, and programming for the TRANSFORM Evolution program. The program is designed for current and alumni of the KL2 program and late junior faculty that receive our CTSA’s Irving Scholar Award. TRANSFORM Evolution is a faculty and alumni network offering a platform to support the next generation of clinical and translational researchers while fostering a lasting community of collaboration and educational activities throughout a scholar’s career lifespan. Results/Anticipated Results: Salient components include the opportunities for social interaction, such as social/happy hours and member led education/career development sessions pertaining to topics that support thriving in an academic career. The program operates with financial resources and the support of a program manager. Evolution adopts a holistic, long-term approach, focusing on the entire professional lifespan by encouraging the development of enduring opportunities for our alumni. The program is intentionally structured to meet the evolving needs of its participants, through the beginning to more established phases in their professional careers. This continuity underscores the program’s capacity to adapt and remain relevant, informing and supporting sustained career progression and scholarly productivity. Discussion/Significance of Impact: The program has been an instrumental adjuvant in facilitating the transition to each career stage. By cultivating a community rooted in a common foundation – the KL2 and Irving Scholars programs, the program has created a robust support system that is crucial for the career development of clinician-scientists.

Objectives/Goals: To determine the role of carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) in signaling cascade and interaction with other cell surface proteins in human epithelial solid tumors such pancreatic adenocarcinoma and colon cancer Methods/Study Population: In this study, we employed three-dimensional (3D) tumor models to replicate the in vivo tumor microenvironment better, allowing for a more accurate assessment of cellular responses compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. We used immunoprecipitate to pull down the CEACAM6 protein and investigate the integrins expression level. Results/Anticipated Results: The expression and functional activity of CEACAM6 are susceptible to modulation by various surface proteins, leading to notable alterations in cellular behavior. Integrins, particularly Integrin B4, are one such protein whose expression is influenced by CEACAM6-mediated intracellular signaling cascades, suggesting a complex interplay that enhances CEACAM6 activation.The 3D models facilitate cell–cell interactions, enabling tumor cells to proliferate and undergo metabolic changes that reflect actual tumor biology. Thereby enhancing the relevance of crosstalk between CEACAM6 and integrins. These findings underscore the potential of CEACAM6 as a promising therapeutic target. They reveal a molecular mechanism that could inform the development of innovative therapeutic strategies in cancer. Discussion/Significance of Impact: These findings underscore the potential of CEACAM6 as a promising therapeutic target, revealing a novel molecular mechanism that could inform the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for pancreatic and colon cancer and potentially other malignancies.

A categorical axiomatic theory of creation/annihilation operators on symmetric Fock space is introduced, and the combinatorial model that motivated it is presented. Commutation relations and coherent states are considered in both frameworks.

As the field of heritage language acquisition expands, there is a need for proficiency to compare speakers across groups and studies. Elicited imitation tasks (EITs) are efficient cost-effective tasks with a long tradition in proficiency assessment of second language (L2) learners, first language children, and adults. However, little research has investigated their use with heritage speakers (HSs), despite their oral nature, which makes them appropriate for speakers with variable literacy skills. This study is a partial replication of Solon, Park, Dehghan-Chaleshtori, Carver & Long (2022), who administered an EIT originally developed for advanced L2 learners on a group of HSs. In this study, we administered the same EIT with minor modifications to 70 HSs and 132 L2 learners of Spanish with different levels of proficiency and ran a Rasch analysis to evaluate the functioning of the task with the two groups. To obtain concurrent validity evidence, scores on the EIT were compared with participants’ performance in an oral narration; evaluated for complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF); and compared with a standardized oral proficiency test, the Versant Spanish Test. Results of Rasch analyses showed that the EIT was effective at distinguishing different levels of ability for both groups, and analyses showed moderate to strong correlations between CAF measures and the EIT and very strong correlations between the EIT and the Versant Spanish Test. These results provide evidence that the EIT is an efficient and adequate proficiency test for HSs and L2 learners of Spanish; its use in research settings is recommended.

Peru hosts a significant portion of the world’s tropical glaciers, which are undergoing rapid mass loss due to climate change. Knowledge of the ice volume and bedrock topography of these glaciers is important for predicting changes in glacier dynamics, runoff, and interpreting ice-core records. This study presents results from glaciological and geophysical surveys conducted during a 2019 expedition to Nevado Huascarán, Peru’s highest mountain when four ice cores were extracted from the col and summit. Ground-penetrating radar measurements provided detailed ice thickness and snow accumulation data, highlighting complex internal glacier structure and indicated that the climatic records obtained from ice cores recovered in 2019 were continuous and extended past the Holocene. Ice flow modeling enabled investigation of glacier dynamics. It was shown that the upstream effect on ice-core record is minimal. Comparison with ice thickness modeling data for Huascarán from various sources revealed significant discrepancies with measured ice thicknesses, suggesting that the inversion methods underestimate ice thickness for the accumulation zones of mountain glaciers. This research contributes data for understanding glacier behavior in the context of climate change and for modeling efforts for better assessments of water resources, potential geohazards and paleoclimatic interpretations.

The debate on theoretical contextualization began with a dual focus on the context-embedded approach and the context-specific approach. In my view, over the past 20 years, the focus of the discussion has shifted from developing indigenous management theories toward how the Chinese context offers fertile ground for developing novel theories with global relevance.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) diversity supplements represent an opportunity to enhance diversity in the biomedical research workforce. Despite their potential impact, practical barriers prevent effective use of these resources. The Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute (ACTRI) at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) developed and implemented of an institutional repository and support system to improve diversity supplement applications. The centralized repository and support system incorporated three strategies: (1) a secure web-based repository housing successful examples of supplements, (2) match making for diversity supplements and mentors, and (3) web-based resources for potential applicants. The repository was implemented in June 2021 and includes 51 supplement samples across 14 divisions of NIH as of November 2024. The repository has been accessed by 51 potential applicants since implementation in 2021. Few investigators have requested match making. Early indicators show a doubling in diversity supplement applications compared to pre-implementation period at UCSD. We outlined our approach to addressing some of the barriers in diversity supplement applications, which could provide a model for other institutions. Pending solutions to some of the lessons learned, coordinated efforts aimed at diversity supplements could be a practical approach toward a more diverse biomedical research workforce.

New education and training opportunities are critical for the development of a diverse and highly skilled translational science workforce. In this special communication, the authors consider how Narratives of Discovery, an initiative to interview leading scientists about the sources of their creativity, can serve as a novel translational science teaching tool. Reporting on a project to map translational science principles onto nine Narratives of Discovery conducted to date, the authors demonstrate how translational science principles are manifested in the career trajectories of these scientists and propose that the narratives can serve as a formative model for trainees. Findings from systematic coding of the Narratives of Discovery suggest that the narrative format is particularly well suited to highlight translational science principles not well-addressed by existing education opportunities, including what it means for scientists to be creative and innovative, use bold and rigorous approaches, and prioritize diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility. Offering excerpts from the published Narratives of Discovery and quotations from the scientists themselves, the authors aim to create space for continued conversation about how to best crystallize the concepts of translational science and advance translational science education and training initiatives.

The war in Ukraine has fostered a renewed sense of common purpose and solidarity in the West. It has also exposed deep-seated divisions regarding the provision of military support to Ukraine and the fate of the European strategic architecture. While some states have committed high levels of military support to Ukraine, others have limited their help to token military aid. This paper examines why democratic allies diverge in their foreign policy on Ukraine and Russia using an integrated framework of strategic, economic, and domestic incentives and constraints. It offers a Qualitative Comparative Analysis of 32 Western allies to uncover causal paths leading towards the provision of military support to Ukraine. The findings highlight the role of defence spending, geography, and threat perceptions during the first year of the war. Ultimately, the analysis identifies four causal paths covering 9 of the 13 greatest military aid contributors to Ukraine, as well as 14 of the 19 token aid donors. It reveals the Baltic states and Poland as the most typical military supporters, while Belgium, Romania, and Canada feature as typical token contributors.

By examining various literary and visual representations of rivers, this article addresses meaning-making processes related to memory, identity, and belonging in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina. Focusing on representations of the border rivers – the Drina, the Sava, and the Una – this article explores how postwar social transformations, including coming to terms with war-time loss, displacement, and destabilized meanings of homeland, are understood when the narrative focus shifts from landscapes to riverscapes. Concurrently, this article also contributes to scholarly discussions on representations of posttraumatic landscapes by redirecting attention from wounded landscapes, where the impact of violent human interventions is evident, to wounded waterscapes, which elude such identification. Generally, rivers symbolize steady and uninterrupted historical progress in nation-building narratives and the formation of national identities. In the Balkans, rivers are usually appropriated by nationalistic narratives tied to territorial claims, which resurface during times of crisis. Following the Bosnian War of the 1990s, in literature, cinema and arts rivers have become sites of multiple and overlapping meanings, suggesting a possible new emotional geography of the country beyond the exclusionary ideas of homeland and belonging.

Motivated by the investigation of probability distributions with finite variance but heavy tails, we study infinitely divisible laws whose Lévy measure is characterized by a radial component of geometric (tempered) stable type. We closely investigate the univariate case: characteristic exponents and cumulants are calculated, as well as spectral densities; absolute continuity relations are shown, and short- and long-time scaling limits of the associated Lévy processes analyzed. Finally, we derive some properties of the involved probability density functions.

In R. v Jogee; Ruddock v The Queen, the Supreme Court abolished “joint enterprise liability”, thus removing the need for a doctrine that used to temper the harshness of joint enterprise: the “fundamental difference” rule. The Supreme Court nevertheless allowed this rule to linger on in the form of an “overwhelming supervening act” doctrine. That doctrine has led to the creation of yet another: an “escalation” doctrine. We argue that there is no place in the post-Jogee law of complicity for doctrines based on fundamental difference, overwhelming supervening acts or escalation. This is no mere semantic quibble. It has significant implications for the way in which complicity law should be applied, especially in homicide cases.

This paper presents the content validation process and results of the Themis Inclusion Tool, a questionnaire designed to stimulate teacher reflection on the response to diversity in schools in Cyprus, where, despite efforts, progress is still necessary. We present the adapted form of the Themis questionnaire originally published in English. The Greek version of the questionnaire contains 60 items measured on a 5-point Likert scale, consisting of three dimensions: contexts, resources, and processes. The questionnaire also includes two open-ended questions. The use of the Themis questionnaire is suggested as an effective means to enable teachers to understand challenges with respect to inclusion and for developing more inclusive schools. Thus the aim of this research is to contribute to the lack of updated, validated, and research-based tools for Greek-speaking schools at a time where school self-evaluation processes have been prioritised in educational policymaking.