This chapter provides a comprehensive narrative of the central role of Stockholm in the evolution of climate change science, one of the most significant scientific specializations relevant for global environmental governance.. With roots in Stockholm-based Svante Arrhenius’ still remarkably precise calculations in the 1890s of the magnitude of the greenhouse effect, the narrative shows how Carl-Gustaf Rossby, after an initial career in the United States, returned to Sweden from where he managed to build and maintain institutions and networks on both sides of the Atlantic in the postwar decades and secure a stable base for a new understanding of the geophysics and chemistry of climate. Swedish climate science, including expertise in glaciology, became recognized as world-leading, with an early and firm institutional foothold being established at Stockholm University. Of global environmental relevance, it produced entrepreneurial science diplomats like Bert Bolin, a climate scientist and founding chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This trust-building combination of institutions, networks, and policies enabled the continued evolution of Stockholm-based innovative platforms for global environmental governance leadership.

This chapter explores the knowledge creation aspect of contemporary tax reforms in Nigeria. It offers a historical perspective on this process which lets us see today’s reforms not only as the re-creation of long-retreated systems of state taxation-led ordering, but against the backdrop of what intervened in the meantime – a four-decade late-twentieth-century interregnum where revenue reliance on oil profits created a very different distributive system of government-as-knowledge. Today’s system of tax-and-knowledge is not just reform but an inversion of what came before.

In this chapter, I show how the current shift to digitalising tax administration in Kenya is connected to its colonial fiscal structures both in its design and implementation. Firstly, the idea that technology can help economic development in countries like Kenya has existed since colonial times and still features in current policies that endorse technology for economic development. Secondly, colonial structures are also present in the implementation strategies of a digital platform like the e-filing system central in this case study as they rely on colonial infrastructures for implementation. ITax, the e-filing system that is the focus of this chapter, was implemented quite rapidly and made mandatory within a short period. This chapter argues that the ‘promise’ of digitalisation as a driver of sustainability, modernisation, and economic growth is outweighed by the harm done by colonial history impacting its practice. I argue that colonial fiscal policies are still shaping Kenya’s tax practices. A closer look at Kenya’s colonial fiscal history is important for understanding how the current tax systems are shaped and informed by past practices.

In this chapter, we present the most important market forms that are relevant for understanding the functioning of energy markets and energy-related markets. This presentation is introduced by a deep discussion on the concepts of economies of scale and density, that are relevant to understand these market forms. We then discuss the following market forms: monopoly, perfect competition, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. The presentation of these market forms is also integrated with some applications in the energy sector. For example, after presenting monopolies in a general way, we describe the natural monopoly and role regulation in the electricity and gas distribution sectors. At the end of the chapter, we discuss issues in developing countries related to the topics discussed in the chapter.

This chapter demonstrates how Sweden as a state, and in particular Stockholm as a city, has played an oversized role in the emergence of global environmental governance since the mid-1960s, with the 1972 Stockholm Conference on “the human environment” as a defining event. The chapter argues that “human” is a key word to identify the set of properties of Swedish society that can explain Sweden’s vanguard role, including strong popular movements, widespread social trust, robust social institutions, the high status of knowledge and research, and a rational positioning of Sweden as a progressive, nonaligned advocate of small state cooperation bringing advantages for both the country and its capital city. It is thus a counternarrative that is presented, in contrast to many conventional environmental narratives of decline, with theoretical and historiographical implications not only for environmental history but also for the understanding of what “environmental progress” might mean on the international level. The chapter identifies four “con”-words – contributing, connecting, convening, and contributing.

This chapter offers an elaborate analysis of three recent cases by the Court of Justice of the EU in the context of EU free movement law. The cases deal with the questions of whether and to what extent the EU Member States are obliged to accept a family status created abroad even when it is incompatible with their own family law (such as same-sex marriage and same-sex parenthood) or is a status totally unknown in their legal system (such as the Islamic kafala). The chapter argues that the main approach chosen by the Court regarding same-sex marriage and same-sex parenthood created abroad, obliging the Member States to recognise them for the purpose of free movement only, may give rise to practical problems.