The widespread adoption of multiple-herbicide-resistant corn and soybean often causes the problem of volunteers in corn–soybean rotation, which necessitates alternative herbicides for effective management. The objective of this research was to evaluate PRE and POST herbicides labeled in corn for control of dicamba/glufosinate/glyphosate-resistant volunteer soybean. Field experiments were conducted from 2021 to 2023 near Clay Center, NE. Two separate field experiments were conducted to evaluate 12 PRE and 14 POST herbicides to control volunteer soybean in Enlist® corn. Soybean resistant to dicamba/glufosinate/glyphosate was planted perpendicular to corn rows to mimic volunteer soybean. Among the PRE herbicides tested, acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam (1,190; 1,050/106/34 g ai ha−1) and acetochlor/clopyralid/mesotrione (2,304; 1,961/133/210 g ai or ae ha−1) provided 97% and 99% control of volunteer soybean, respectively, in 2021 and 68% and 89% control, respectively, in 2023 at 42 d after PRE. Among POST herbicides tested, 2,4-D choline (1,064 g ae ha−1), acetochlor/clopyralid/mesotrione (2,304; 1,961/133/210 g ai or ae ha−1), atrazine/bicyclopyrone/mesotrione/S-metolachlor (2,409; 700/42/168/1,499 g ai ha−1), clopyralid/flumetsulam (192; 146/46 g ai ha−1), nicosulfuron + atrazine (34 + 1,120 g ai ha−1), and thiencarbazone-methyl/tembotrione + atrazine (76; 12/63 + 896 g ai ha−1) provided ≥97% volunteer soybean control, ≥94% density reduction, and ≥97% biomass reduction 28 d after POST herbicide application. Corn yield did not differ from the weed-free control in these treatments. The results of this study suggest that PRE and POST herbicides are available for control of dicamba/glufosinate/glyphosate-resistant volunteer soybean in Enlist® corn and that careful selection of an herbicide is required based on the herbicide-resistant soybean planted in the previous year.

A biofilm refers to an intricate community of microorganisms firmly attached to surfaces and enveloped within a self-generated extracellular matrix. Machine learning (ML) methodologies have been harnessed across diverse facets of biofilm research, encompassing predictions of biofilm formation, identification of pivotal genes and the formulation of novel therapeutic approaches. This investigation undertook a bibliographic analysis focused on ML applications in biofilm research, aiming to present a comprehensive overview of the field’s current status. Our exploration involved searching the Web of Science database for articles incorporating the term “machine learning biofilm,” leading to the identification and analysis of 126 pertinent articles. Our findings indicate a substantial upswing in the publication count concerning ML in biofilm over the last decade, underscoring an escalating interest in deploying ML techniques for biofilm investigations. The analysis further disclosed prevalent research themes, predominantly revolving around biofilm formation, prediction and control. Notably, artificial neural networks and support vector machines emerged as the most frequently employed ML techniques in biofilm research. Overall, our study furnishes valuable insights into prevailing trends and future trajectories within the realm of ML applied to biofilm research. It underscores the significance of collaborative efforts between biofilm researchers and ML experts, advocating for interdisciplinary synergy to propel innovation in this domain.

We give a precise classification, in terms of Shimura data, of all $1$-dimensional Shimura subvarieties of a moduli space of polarized abelian varieties.

Geoffrey Pullum has produced countless contributions to linguistic theory over his 50-year career in the field. Given this exceptional scientific achievement, his philosophical work often goes underappreciated. In this article, I discuss and critique three themes from Pullum’s philosophy of linguistics, namely, cardinality neutrality, model-theoretic syntax and normativity in language. I conclude by showing how these seemingly disparate elements might indeed be connected in terms of a normative constructivist approach to linguistics.

This article interrogates three claims made in relation to the use of data in relation to peace. That more data, faster data, and impartial data will lead to better policy and practice outcomes. Taken together, this data myth relies on a lack of curiosity about the provenance of data and the infrastructure that produces it and asserts its legitimacy. Our discussion is concerned with issues of power, inclusion, and exclusion, and particularly how knowledge hierarchies attend to the collection and use of data in relation to conflict-affected contexts. We therefore question the axiomatic nature of these data myth claims and argue that the structure and dynamics of peacebuilding actors perpetuate the myth. We advocate a fuller reflection of the data wave that has overtaken us and echo calls for an ethics of numbers. In other words, this article is concerned with the evidence base for evidence-based peacebuilding. Mindful of the policy implications of our concerns, the article puts forward five tenets of good practice in relation to data and the peacebuilding sector. The concluding discussion further considers the policy implications of the data myth in relation to peace, and particularly, the consequences of casting peace and conflict as technical issues that can be “solved” without recourse to human and political factors.

Canadian entomology collections contain valuable biodiversity and ecological data. To be most accessible to those working outside of the collections, they need to be digitised. Multiple analyses of the digital database of the Odonata collection at the Royal British Columbia Museum (Victoria, British Columbia, Canada) were conducted. These analyses reveal that complete digital datasets can be used to explore questions of historical and current geographical distribution and species composition differences based on ecoprovince and elevation. The results of these analyses can be used directly in conservation and climate change impact mitigation decisions. These analyses are possible only because the Odonata collection has received concerted effort to digitise all specimen records. The full value of long-term historical insect biodiversity data can be accessed only once collections are digitised. Additional training and employment of collection management and curatorial staff is essential to optimise the use of abundant but underused Canadian biodiversity data.

While multiple threats to the language, culture, and existence of the 700 members of the Village of Tewa loom (Kroskrity 1993, 2021), this diasporic Pueblo society deploys sociolinguistic resources to generate hope ‘as a moral call’ (Mattingly 2010). Their heritage language is rhematized (Gal & Irvine 2019) to their community identity but now that emblem, and their very existence, has been challenged by the encroachment of English and other crises (including climate change and the pandemic). For Tewa, repairing the situation requires a hopeful ‘reorientation of knowledge and action’ (Miyazaki 2004; Borba 2019) that recontextualizes traditional linguistic practices and language ideologies (Kroskrity 1998). Tewa linguistic and discursive expressions of ‘hope’ are more agentive and directed than their English language counterparts. These practices are examined as forms of what Tuck (2009:417) called generative hope ‘about a present that is enriched by the past and the future’. (Pragmatics, language ideologies, hope)*

The popularity of green, social and sustainability-linked bonds (GSS bonds) continues to rise, with circa US$939 billion of such bonds issued globally in 2023. Given the rising popularity of ESG-related investment solutions, their relatively recent emergence, and limited research in this field, continued investigation is essential. Extending non-traditional techniques such as neural networks to these fields creates a good blend of innovation and potential. This paper follows on from our initial publication, where we aim to replicate the S&P Green Bond Index (i.e. this is a time series problem) over a period using non-traditional techniques (neural networks) predicting 1 day ahead. We take a novel approach of applying an N-BEATS model architecture. N-BEATS is a complex feedforward neural network architecture, consisting of basic building blocks and stacks, introducing the novel doubly residual stacking of backcasts and forecasts. In this paper, we also revisit the neural network architectures from our initial publication, which include DNNs, CNNs, GRUs and LSTMs. We continue the univariate time series problem, increasing the data input window from 1 day to 2 and 5 days respectively, whilst still aiming to predict 1 day ahead.

Optimising stellarators for quasisymmetry leads to strongly reduced collisional transport and energetic particle losses compared with unoptimised configurations. Although stellarators with precise quasisymmetry have been obtained in the past, it remains unclear how broad the parameter space is where good quasisymmetry may be achieved. We study the range of aspect ratios and rotational transform values for which stellarators with excellent quasisymmetry on the boundary can be obtained. A large number of Fourier harmonics is included in the boundary representation, which is made computationally tractable by the use of adjoint methods to enable fast gradient-based optimisation and by the direct optimisation of vacuum magnetic fields, which converge more robustly compared with solutions from magnetohydrostatics. Several novel configurations are presented, including stellarators with record levels of quasisymmetry on a surface, three field period quasiaxisymmetric stellarators with substantial magnetic shear, and compact quasisymmetric stellarators at low aspect ratios similar to tokamaks.

We present a framework for analysing plasma flow in a rotating mirror. By making a series of physical assumptions, we reduce the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations in a three-dimensional cylindrical system to a one-dimensional system in a shallow, cuboidal channel within a transverse magnetic field, similar to the Hartmann flow in ducts. We then solve the system both numerically and analytically for a range of values of the Hartmann number and calculate the dependence of the plasma flow speed on the thickness of the insulating end cap. We observe that the mean flow overshoots and decelerates before achieving a steady-state value, a phenomenon that the analytical model cannot capture. This overshoot is directly proportional to the thickness of the insulating end cap and the external electric field, with a weak dependence on the external magnetic field. Our simplified model can act as a benchmark for future simulations of the supersonic mirror device CMFX (centrifugal magnetic fusion experiment), which will employ more sophisticated physics and realistic magnetic field geometries.

The present paper explores a connection between two concepts arising from different fields of mathematics. The first concept, called vine, is a graphical model for dependent random variables. This concept first appeared in a work of Joe (1994), and the formal definition was given later by Cooke (1997). Vines have nowadays become an active research area whose applications can be found in probability theory and uncertainty analysis. The second concept, called MAT-freeness, is a combinatorial property in the theory of freeness of logarithmic derivation modules of hyperplane arrangements. This concept was first studied by Abe-Barakat-Cuntz-Hoge-Terao (2016), and soon afterwards investigated further by Cuntz-Mücksch (2020).

In the particular case of graphic arrangements, the last two authors (2023) recently proved that the MAT-freeness is completely characterized by the existence of certain edge-labeled graphs, called MAT-labeled graphs. In this paper, we first introduce a poset characterization of a vine. Then we show that, interestingly, there exists an explicit equivalence between the categories of locally regular vines and MAT-labeled graphs. In particular, we obtain an equivalence between the categories of regular vines and MAT-labeled complete graphs.

Several applications will be mentioned to illustrate the interaction between the two concepts. Notably, we give an affirmative answer to a question of Cuntz-Mücksch that MAT-freeness can be characterized by a generalization of the root poset in the case of graphic arrangements.

During the Late Classic (a.d. 600–900), Maya stone monuments from the Western Lowlands documented people with the sajal title. This position was associated with corporate group leaders who acted as governors of secondary sites, supervised warfare-related activities, and manufactured and distributed goods. The increase in records, along with the elaboration of monuments by sajals with differing narratives from those of the rulers, has been identified as a contributing factor to the regional political instability that led to the abandonment of Classic Maya capitals. This article aims to analyze monuments from the political spheres of Yaxchilan, Piedras Negras, and Palenque using a discourse analysis approach to identify the discursive strategies sajals used to showcase and strengthen their hierarchical positions. To accomplish this, I will analyze the discourse in relation to the intermediality of monuments to examine how sajals rivaled the rulers of these cities. Additionally, I will explore the correlation between these discourses and the sociopolitical transformations that preceded the regional collapse in the ninth century a.d.

The article was inspired by Justice Alito's selective and often misleading use of the medieval history of abortion law to justify the overturning of Roe v. Wade. Hoping to offer a corrective view of the larger conversation about abortion during the premodern era, this article hopes to drive home a number of points. First, modern authorities need to acknowledge that the word “abortion” (aborsus) meant something different then than it does now. Second, at its origins, abortion was conceived as a crime against husbands, and thus it falls into a larger body of misogynous law designed to protect men and their heirs from women who exploited their reproductive potential to trick men out of their rightful inheritance. And third, medieval laws against those who provided abortions labeled them as witches or poisoners. Medieval laws about abortion are thus intertwined with fears of the devil and of the woman's body as poison.

We prove discrete-to-continuum convergence for dynamical optimal transport on $\mathbb{Z}^d$-periodic graphs with cost functional having linear growth at infinity. This result provides an answer to a problem left open by Gladbach, Kopfer, Maas, and Portinale (Calc Var Partial Differential Equations 62(5), 2023), where the convergence behaviour of discrete boundary-value dynamical transport problems is proved under the stronger assumption of superlinear growth. Our result extends the known literature to some important classes of examples, such as scaling limits of $1$-Wasserstein transport problems. Similarly to what happens in the quadratic case, the geometry of the graph plays a crucial role in the structure of the limit cost function, as we discuss in the final part of this work, which includes some visual representations.