When African-American history is done well, it allows us to see the places where inequality hides. Scholars in the areas of the history of capitalism, African-American history, and urban studies have popularized the language of historical phenomena such as white flight, redlining, and privatization, in the process of explaining the origins of contemporary challenges. A reasonably educated person understands that deindustrialization at mid-century led to job losses. Every May, pundits write essays about the failure to equalize schools as the nation memorializes the anniversary of the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Popular journalists Ta-Nehisi Coates and Nicole Hannah-Jones owe their careers to their study of historical work in order to leverage public-facing conversations from reparations for slavery to the politicization of the teaching of civil rights. Essentially, good history helps us search for the state practices and policies that soften the blow of inequality, assault human dignity, and normalize poverty. In his deeply researched and thoughtfully written book The Black Tax, Andrew Kahrl addresses another obscure mechanism that has historically worked to dispossess and disadvantage African Americans across regions and generations, and has ensnarled both landowners and tenants. Kahrl's book forces readers and scholars to think about the ways that a lack of federal authority and will to protect Black citizens allowed states and municipalities to assess, tax, and place liens on Black property—from vacant plots to farm land to family homes.

A novel wall-mounted far ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light technology providing automated delivery of far UV-C only when people are not present reduced methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a patient room and equipment room. The safety feature that discontinues far UV-C output when people are detected was effective in preventing far UV-C exposure.

It is conjectured that the only integrable metrics on the two-dimensional torus are Liouville metrics. In this paper, we study a deformative version of this conjecture: we consider integrable deformations of a non-flat Liouville metric in a conformal class and show that for a fairly large class of such deformations, the deformed metric is again Liouville. The principal idea of the argument is that the preservation of rational invariant tori in the foliation of the phase space forces a linear combination on the Fourier coefficients of the deformation to vanish. Showing that the resulting linear system is non-degenerate will then yield the claim. Since our method of proof immediately carries over to higher dimensional tori, we obtain analogous statements in this more general case. To put our results in perspective, we review existing results about integrable metrics on the torus.

Between the 1960s and early-1980s the museum sector in the United Kingdom (UK) was rapidly professionalised and systematised. A crucial moment in this transition was the creation in 1967 of the Information Retrieval Group of the Museums Association (IRGMA), and the subsequent launch of its system for the machine encoding and communication of museum catalogue records. The rise of IRGMA marked an inflection point in museological practice and the normalisation of computerised work within the UK museum profession, a moment when the desire for a ‘layman's guide to the scheme’ began to give way to new professional personas and forms of documentary labour. This article asks how cultures of museology and professional labour shifted in response to IRGMA. It argues that between the late 1960s and mid-1980s both the implementation of and the debate around computerised cataloguing disrupted the function of UK museums and how museum professionals imagined their labour. And by tracing the emergence of these cultures and their intersections with professional identity and labour practices, this article seeks to tease out the ways museum history can resonate with wider narratives of labour, expertise and technological innovation in contemporary British history.

The mental health benefits of exposure to green spaces are well known. This systematic review summarizes the evidence of green space exposure for people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs), focusing on incidence and mental health outcomes, including mental health symptoms and health service use. The study was pre-registered (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023431954), and conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Seven databases, reference lists, and gray literature sources were searched. Methodological quality was assessed using The Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. 126 studies were screened, and 12 studies were eligible for inclusion. Seven studies found that exposure to green space was associated with a reduced risk of schizophrenia (lowest to highest green space exposure: HRs = 0.62–0.37; IRRs = 1.52–1.18), with five studies reporting a dose-response relationship. Of these studies, four examined childhood exposure and the remainder examined adult exposure. Regarding health service use, proximity to green space was not significantly associated with length of hospital admission, though greater green space exposure was associated with reduced hospital admission rates. Three studies found reduced symptoms of anxiety (d = −0.70–2.42), depression (d = −0.97–1.70) and psychosis (d = −0.94) with greater green space exposure. Exposure to green space reduces the risk of schizophrenia, and there is emerging evidence of the potential benefits of green space for reducing symptoms and health service use among people with SSDs. Future research using experimental and longitudinal designs will provide more robust evidence of the benefits of green space for people with SSDs.

Syntactic parsing is one of the areas in Natural Language Processing. The development of large-scale multilingual language models has enabled cross-lingual parsing approaches, which allows us to develop parsers for languages that do not have treebanks available. However, these approaches rely on the assumption that languages share orthographic representations and lexical entries. In this article, we investigate methods for developing a dependency parser for Xibe, a low-resource language that is written in a unique script. We first investigate lexicalized monolingual dependency parsing experiments to examine the effectiveness of word, part-of-speech, and character embeddings as well as pre-trained language models. Results show that character embeddings can significantly improve performance, while pre-trained language models decrease performance since they do not recognize the Xibe script. We also train delexicalized monolingual models, which yield competitive results to the best lexicalized model. Since the monolingual models are trained on a very small training set, we also investigate lexicalized and delexicalized cross-lingual models. We use six closely related languages as source language, which cover a wide range of scripts. In this setting, the delexicalized models achieve higher performance than lexicalized models. A final experiment shows that we can increase performance of the cross-lingual model by combining source languages and selecting the most similar sentences to Xibe as training set. However, all cross-lingual parsing results are still considerably lower than the monolingual model. We attribute the low performance of cross-lingual methods to syntactic and annotation differences as well as to the impoverished input of Universal Dependency Part-of-Speech tags that the delexicalized model has access to.

Linguistic synesthesia as a productive figurative language usage has received little attention in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). Although linguistic synesthesia is similar to metaphor concerning involving conceptual mappings and showing great usefulness in the NLP tasks such as sentiment analysis and stance detection, the well-studied methods of metaphor detection cannot be applied to the detection of linguistic synesthesia directly. This study incorporates comprehensive linguistic features (i.e., character and radical information, word segmentation information, and part-of-speech tagging) into a neural model to detect linguistic synesthetic usages in a sentence automatically. In particular, we employ a span-based boundary detection model to extract sensory words. In addition, a joint model is proposed to detect the original and synesthetic modalities of the sensory words collectively. Based on the experiments, our model is shown to achieve state-of-the-art results on the dataset for linguistic synesthesia detection. The results prove that leveraging culturally enriched linguistic features and joint learning are effective in linguistic synesthesia detection. Furthermore, as the proposed model leverages non-language-specific linguistic features, the model would be applied to the detection of linguistic synesthesia in other languages.

Let $p \geq 5$ be a prime number, and let $G = {\mathrm {SL}}_2(\mathbb {Q}_p)$. Let $\Xi = {\mathrm {Spec}}(Z)$ denote the spectrum of the centre Z of the pro-p Iwahori–Hecke algebra of G with coefficients in a field k of characteristic p. Let $\mathcal {R} \subset \Xi \times \Xi $ denote the support of the pro-p Iwahori ${\mathrm {Ext}}$-algebra of G, viewed as a $(Z,Z)$-bimodule. We show that the locally ringed space $\Xi /\mathcal {R}$ is a projective algebraic curve over ${\mathrm {Spec}}(k)$ with two connected components and that each connected component is a chain of projective lines. For each Zariski open subset U of $\Xi /\mathcal {R}$, we construct a stable localising subcategory $\mathcal {L}_U$ of the category of smooth k-linear representations of G.

In this study, we examined the impact of the number and type of arterial grafts, and surgical dressing type, on deep and organ/space surgical site infection following coronary artery bypass graft procedures. Bilateral internal mammary artery grafts and negative pressure wound therapy were associated with higher odds of infection.

Prevented planting payments reimburse crop producers for losses from not being able to plant. These payments provide critical protection to producers; however, these payments, which are determined using a nationwide, crop-specific coverage factor, have been questioned to induce moral hazard. Depending on the region and crop insurance coverage, payments from this provision exceed producers’ losses. This paper estimates the prevented planting coverage factor by coverage level and region that would equitably reimburse corn and soybean producers for their losses. We find the prevented planting coverage factor has significant variation across coverage levels and location within our study region. The prevented planting coverage factor was found to decline as the policy coverage level increases. The further north in the study region the higher the coverage factor, likely due to increased land rent expenses. The results provide a unique perspective of how these coverage factors would vary to equitably compensate producers for losses, which addresses the moral hazard concerns with prevented planting.

First, I want to thank Modern American History co-editors Sarah Snyder and Darren Dochuk for selecting my book for this roundtable and assembling such an incredible group of scholars to read and comment on it. I drew heavily on these readers’ previous works when writing The Black Tax and held up their books as models of the kind of engaging and impactful historical scholarship that I aspired to achieve. Which makes their positive reactions to my book all the more gratifying, even as it makes my job here a bit harder. I have no complaints to respond to, no arguments to defend, no decisions or only a few omissions to justify or explain.

The optimal $L^4$-Strichartz estimate for the Schrödinger equation on the two-dimensional rational torus $\mathbb {T}^2$ is proved, which improves an estimate of Bourgain. A new method based on incidence geometry is used. The approach yields a stronger $L^4$ bound on a logarithmic time scale, which implies global existence of solutions to the cubic (mass-critical) nonlinear Schrödinger equation in $H^s(\mathbb {T}^2)$ for any $s>0$ and data that are small in the critical norm.

In this survey of 31 hospitals, large metropolitan facilities had a 9.5-fold odds of reporting preparedness for special pathogens; hospitals with special pathogens teams had a 14.3-fold odds of reporting preparedness for special pathogens. In the postpandemic world, healthcare institutions must invest in special pathogen responses to maximize patient safety.

Early-life family meal participation has been associated with several aspects of nutritional health, but longitudinal associations with linear growth have not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether family meal participation at 12 months of age associates with anthropometric measures 3 years later. We used follow-up data from children born to mothers in the Norwegian Fit for Delivery trial (NFFD) and included 368 first-borns with dietary and anthropometric data at 12 months and 4 years of age. We treated the sample as a cohort and conducted subgroup analyses by randomization status. A family meal participation score was used as exposure, and weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) as outcomes in crude and multivariable linear regression models adjusted for maternal education, randomization status, and child sex.

Higher family meal participation score at 12 months was positively associated with length at 12 months (B = 0.198, 95% CI 0.028, 0.367, p = 0.022) and 4 years (B = 0.283, 95% CI 0.011, 0.555, p = 0.042) in multivariable models. After additional adjustment for maternal height the associations attenuated and were no longer significant. An inverse association with BMI at 4 years of age was observed in children born to mothers that had been exposed to the NFFD intervention (B = −0.144, 95% CI −0.275, −0.014, p = 0.030), but attenuated after adjustment for maternal BMI.

The longitudinal association observed between early family meal participation and child height was largely explained by maternal height. The relationship with BMI differed according to maternal participation in a lifestyle intervention trial during pregnancy.

Little is known about the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) specific self-help for psychosis, given that CBT is a highly recommended treatment for psychosis. Thus, research has grown regarding CBT-specific self-help for psychosis, warranting an overall review of the literature. A systematic literature review was conducted, following a published protocol which can be found at: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/export_record_pdf.php. A search was conducted across Scopus, PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science to identify relevant literature, exploring CBT-based self-help interventions for individuals experiencing psychosis. The PICO search strategy tool was used to generate search terms. A narrative synthesis was conducted of all papers, and papers were appraised for quality. Ten studies were included in the review. Seven papers found credible evidence to support the effectiveness of CBT-based self-help in reducing features of psychosis. Across the studies, common secondary outcomes included depression, overall psychological well-being, and daily functioning, all of which were also found to significantly improve following self-help intervention, as well as evidence to support its secondary benefit for depression, anxiety, overall well-being, and functioning. Due to methodological shortcomings, long-term outcomes are unclear.

Airborne particles, such as dust and volcanic ash, pose a serious hazard to aircraft in flight due to their potential to cause erosion damage to engine components. It is crucial to anticipate and address the impact of erosion wear on engine performance and safety. This study aims to enhance our understanding of how volcanic ash particles behave when ingested through a high bypass turbofan engine (HBTFE) and assess the development of erosion wear in the front components. The effects of four different ash samples are assessed in various scenarios of encountering volcanic ash during cruise flight conditions. First, the flow solution is obtained for all front components, including the Pitot intake, spinner, fan, inlet guide vanes (IGVs), outlet guide vanes (OGVs), and connecting ducts. Based on the flow data, the particle motion equations are solved step by step using an in-house trajectory and erosion code. This latter adopts the Lagrangian approach, which incorporates a particle-eddy interaction model and includes probabilistic descriptions for the release positions of particles, sizes, and restitution factors. The finite element method (FEM) is used to track particles through the computational cells and determine impact positions and conditions. As a result, the Pitot intake design seems to prevent many ash particles from reaching the fan blade beyond 80% of the span. The fan blade leading edge (LE) exhibits extreme erosion on both sides. The blade’s pressure side (PS) displays erosion spreading practically on the entirety of the surface, especially near the trailing edge (TE). In contrast, the suction side (SS) has scattered erosion at lower rates. Furthermore, the rotor’s hub presents almost uniform erosion patterns, whereas the shroud depicts scattered erosion. This large fan appears to function as a separator, expelling a significant amount of ash particles through the secondary duct, thereby reducing the engine core’s susceptibility to erosion. Out of the four volcanic ash samples, those from the Kelud and Etna volcanoes appear to cause the highest hourly eroded mass, about twice as much as the samples from the Chaiten and Eyjafjallajokull volcanoes.