Recent scholarship locates the origins of modern free trade policies in the early modern free port movement. This historiography has focused on the intellectual and political history of free ports and emphasized the importance of local and regional factors in shaping trade liberalizations in different European countries and colonies. Based on evidence from eighteenth-century Hamburg, this article proposes a different reading: it argues that free trade policies emerged in response to Atlantic trade expansion. The sources suggest that merchants and magistrates were aware of the monumental change which the growth of the Atlantic trade presented and the economic opportunities it provided. The liberalization of individual ports aimed to capture a greater share of that commerce. Free ports therefore constitute an early example of global economic change driving local European policymaking.

The public forum (ankét) entitled ‘Should Women Starve to Death?’, organised by the Hungarian Association of Feminists (FE) in late 1934, brought together intellectuals from a wide spectrum of political ideologies to debate women’s employment, feminism, the rise of fascism, and the economic crisis. The speakers emphasized the interconnectedness of women’s economic emancipation with the post-WWI crisis of masculinity and the family. In response to the national conservative attacks on women’s rights and feminism, many highlighted the class dimensions of women’s labour. I argue that these attacks were typical expressions of anti-modernism, with elements of backlash. The forum shows that despite being traditionally seen as a bourgeois-liberal feminist organization, by the 1930s the FE had developed a political agenda that aligned more closely with social democracy and the political left. The 1934 forum can thus be understood in the history of European feminist political thought as a moment of coalition-building, as well as an alternative to popular front political organizing – in the Hungarian case, with the striking absence of communists. Read together with the feminist efforts against death penalty just a few years earlier, these texts reveal a different type of feminist thought in 1930s Hungary, with general human values and social justice as core concepts, marginalising the still important, yet narrower gender equality ones. My analysis is situated within the history of political thought, incorporating elements of social and economic history, along with the recovery of biographies of interwar women intellectuals, highlighting both the specificities and commonalities of the Hungarian case within the broader context of East Central Europe.

The continued applicability of international human rights law in situations of armed conflict entails that the right to mental health also applies. It is therefore crucial to examine how human rights supervisory mechanisms engage with this right in such contexts. Building on this premise, the present paper investigates how United Nations treaty bodies address mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings in their Concluding Observations. The study is based on a textual analysis of these documents conducted through the Universal Human Rights Index database. The findings reveal that most recommendations contained in the Concluding Observations call for particular attention to the mental health of children, especially child combatants, and of women, particularly those who are victims of sexual and gender-based violence. In terms of action required, they emphasize the need to ensure the availability and accessibility of mental health and psychosocial support services to persons affected by conflict.

Glacial lakes are increasing in number and size worldwide, posing growing risks for outburst floods. Norway’s last glacial lake inventory used semi-automatic mapping on Sentinel-2 imagery from 2018–19. In this study, we test a more automated and reproducible workflow for updating glacial lake extents in Norway using Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 satellite imagery and a Random Forest classifier. Here, glacial lakes are defined as water bodies within 200 m of glaciers larger than 0.1 km2 with a minimum lake size of 400 m2. A 10th-percentile Sentinel-2 summer composite from 2023–24 mitigated snow and cloud cover, while Sentinel-1 ascending-descending difference composites reduced shadow misclassification without relying on DEMs. Validation across six glacier regions shows high detection reliability (F1-score: 0.81) as well as high delineation accuracy (median deviation <6.5 m). However, manual correction remains necessary, especially in steep terrain. We identified 1382 glacial lakes in 2023–24, covering 124 km2—a substantial increase relative to 2018–19. Excluding regulated lakes and adjusting for methodological differences, we estimate a 9–22% lake area increase over the past five years, mainly driven by glacier retreat. The workflow is efficient and reproducible, but regional threshold adaptation and retraining are required for transfer to other regions.

Following a trend across the sciences, recent studies in lithic analysis have embraced the ideal of replicability. Recent large-scale studies have demonstrated that high replicability is achievable under controlled conditions and have proposed strategies to improve it in lithic data recording. Although this focus has yielded important methodological advances, we argue that an overemphasis on replicability risks narrowing the scope of archaeological inquiry. More specifically, we show (1) that replicability alone does not guarantee reliability, interpretive value, or cost effectiveness, and (2) that archaeological data often involve unavoidable ambiguity due to preservation, analyst background, and the nature of lithic variability itself. Instead of allowing replicability to dictate research priorities, we advocate for a problem-driven, pluralistic approach that tailors methods to research questions and balances replicable measures with interpretive depth. This has practical implications for training, publishing, and funding policy. We conclude that Paleolithic archaeology must engage with the replicability movement on its own terms—preserving methodological diversity while maintaining scientific credibility.

Blastoids have three primary systems providing entrances to blastoid hydrospires, the primary organ for respiration: (1) exposed hydrospire slits formed across the width of the radiodeltoid suture; (2) hydrospire pores formed at the aboral ends of the ambulacra; and (3) hydrospire tubules formed as invaginations along the radiodeltoid suture, becoming openings that pierce the radials and deltoids ontogenetically. Blastoid classification historically divided the blastoids into two groups—the Fissiculata and Spiraculata. The Fissiculata comprised those blastoids that have exposed hydrospire slits or spiracular slits. The Spiraculata had hydrospire pores and spiracles that connect internally to hydrospires. Spiraculate classification focused on the configuration of the spiracles and anispiracle in combination with thecal form. Spiracles are the adoral consequence of the ambulacra infilling the radial sinus and covering the hydrospires by the lancet and the side plates and are found in all spiraculate blastoids. In this revision of blastoid classification, we place primacy on the three mechanisms by which water is drawn into the hydrospires—hydrospire slits open to seawater, hydrospire pores, and hydrospire tubules. Hydrospire tubules are formed along the radiodeltoid suture, a very different ontogenetic position from hydrospire pores, which are formed at the aboral end of the ambulacrum, and a fundamental phylogenetic difference. We herein abandon the term Spiraculata and refer to the spiraculate grade as being the Stomatoblastida, new superorder for spiraculates with hydrospire pores and the Tubuloblastida, new superorder for spiraculates with hydrospire tubules. The Fissiculata is elevated to superordinal status.

Refugee and forced migration studies scholars largely ignore the early modern period when they discuss modern refugee crises, thus overlooking the transhistorical, cultural origins of refugee identity formation. Following Louis XIV’s Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, around 200,000 Huguenots fled France for the wider diaspora. Often depicted as republicans, if not anarchists, bent on the destruction of Christianity and the French sacral monarchy, Huguenots sought refuge for their own safety and in the process reimagined themselves first as religious refugees and then as political ones. As religious refugees, Huguenots like the theologian Pierre Jurieu donned the mantle of the Ancient Israelites, as a means to maintain their community against French purgation of the Calvinist sect. As political refugees, Huguenots like Rabaut Saint-Étienne developed several strategies at courting the favor of the Bourbon monarchy, many of which challenged the French sacral state to imagine itself in secular terms. In developing a political refugee identity, these Huguenots created the empathetic, cultural refugee, which could transcend religious affiliation in favor of promoting a national identity.

Weaning stress impacts piglet performance, prompting antimicrobial resistance concerns from antibiotic overuse. Clostridium butyricum-derived antimicrobial peptides (CBP) show potentials as a safe, effective antibiotic alternative. We initially characterized novel antimicrobial peptides within the CBP fraction, synthesizing and confirming their potent activity. This study evaluated CBP’s effects on intestinal health and growth performance of weaned piglets using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model. Fifty weaned Jinhua piglets (45 days, 9.95 ± 2.03 kg) were randomly allocated to control group (CON) and CBP group (n = 25), with five replicates each. Piglets in the CBP group were orally administered 3 mL of CBP daily (145.59 mg of total peptide) for 21 days, while the CON group received sterile water. During this period, CBP significantly improved growth performance, evidenced by increased average daily gain (P = 0.047) and reduced feed conversion ratio (P = 0.015), alongside a decrease in diarrhea incidence (P < 0.05). To further investigate the mechanism, a subset of animals from each group was challenged with LPS on day 21 to induce intestinal inflammation. Mechanistically, CBP enhanced intestinal barrier functions by optimizing crypt architecture and upregulating tight junction proteins expression (P < 0.05). CBP also exerted a potent anti-inflammatory effect, substantially reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.05) and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Integrated microbiome and metabolomic analyses revealed CBP modulated the gut microbiota by increasing beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Coprococcus (P < 0.05) and elevating protective metabolites, including butyrate and hyocholic acid (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that CBP supplementation effectively promotes piglet growth and alleviates intestinal injury by regulating the gut microbiota and associated metabolic profiles. These effects are mediated through enhanced intestinal barrier functions and suppressed inflammation via the GPR43-NLRP3 pathway. This study provides strong evidence for CBP as a promising, safe alternative to antibiotics.

This article examines the rise of conspiratorial thinking in wartime Russia as a response to a deeper collective anxiety – not merely the replacement of people, but the erasure of narrative agency. While the Russian version of the ‘Great Replacement’ echoes familiar Western themes such as elite betrayal, cultural erosion, and demographic decline, its central concern shifts towards symbolic displacement. Drawing on Mark Sedgwick’s interpretation of the Great Replacement as a stable narrative structure and J.V. Wertsch’s concept of narrative as a cultural tool, this article argues that conspiracy operates here as a means of reclaiming authorship in a national story whose core meanings have grown unstable. The analysis draws on social media discourse, pro-war commentary, volunteer statements, and nationalist media, showing how anxieties are shaped through emotionally resonant storylines of betrayal and erasure. Yet the reassertion of control paradoxically intensifies fragmentation, turning the Great Replacement into a narrative of narrative disappearance – where the gravest loss is not demographic, but symbolic.

Organizational ethical culture, though widely studied, lacks conceptual clarity and precision with levels of analysis. To diagnose the specific conceptual and levels limitations, we assess the state of the science of ethical culture by analyzing 155 articles. Analysis revealed conceptual disorganization, confusion between the conceptual domain and nomological network, and imprecise treatment of levels of analysis. These limitations have resulted in downstream problems with building and testing theory; existing research is affected by unfalsifiable hypotheses, conceptual invalidity, contamination among measures, and incorrect levels-based inferences. To help overcome these limitations, we present a revised definition that integrates the dynamic model of organizational culture with the concept of ethical affordances. We present a multilevel model and describe potential interactions that determine how and under what conditions ethical culture manifests at relevant levels. We conclude with recommendations that will help future research move past these limitations.

Many non-native invasive grass species increase wildfire activity and regenerate more quickly than native species. This invasive grass–fire cycle has severe negative consequences for ecosystems, creating a need to understand how different invasive grass species alter fuel characteristics and fire behavior, as well as effective treatments to control their abundance. To address these needs and increase fire and natural resource management preparedness, we performed a review and meta-analysis of recent (1985 to 2023) scientific literature. We focused on the Intermountain West, USA, where six dominant invasive grass species have already transformed ecosystems, including winter annuals—cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), medusahead [Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski], red brome (Bromus rubens L.), and Mediterranean grass [Schismus arabicus Nees and Schismus barbatus (Loefl. ex L.) Thell]; and summer perennials—buffelgrass [Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link] and Lehmann’s lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees). Within the 204 selected articles, B. tectorum was the most well-studied species, treatment effectiveness was the most common study type, and more studies addressed fuel accumulation than fire characteristics. While initial reductions in B. tectorum following wildfire were followed by large increases, P. ciliare initially increased and then steadily declined, and other invasive grass species had no significant post-fire changes over time. Chemical treatments were more effective than other treatments for B. tectorum, P. ciliare, and Schismus spp., although T. caput-medusae had a greater reduction with chemical treatments compared with the other species. In many cases, treatment effectiveness was enhanced when treatment types were combined or repeat treatments were conducted. Both B. tectorum and T. caput-medusae increased to pretreatment conditions within 3 and 5 yr, respectively, although there were no detectable trends for other species. Our results provide comprehensive comparisons of the effect of invasive grass species on fuel and fire characteristics and much needed insight on effective strategies for reducing invasive grass impacts to ecosystems.

Theists believe in a transcendent personal creator that is maximally perfect and intervenes in the creation. Deists believe in a transcendent personal creator that is maximally perfect and does not intervene in the creation. One alleged problem for deism is that its God cannot be maximally perfect. A God that intentionally and knowingly creates a world replete with suffering and anguish yet fails to intervene to ameliorate it is not morally perfect. Thus, theism is better off than deism. I argue that the God of theism is in just as much trouble vis-à-vis omnibenevolence as the God of deism. More specifically, theistic responses to why God answers some but not all petitionary prayers either (i) show theism’s God is less than morally perfect in the same way deism’s God is alleged to be, or (ii) are likewise open to deists.

In a previous paper, we stated and motivated counting conjectures for fusion systems that are purely local analogues of several local-to-global conjectures in the modular representation theory of finite groups. Here, we verify some of these conjectures for fusion systems on an extraspecial group of order $p^3$, which contain among them the Ruiz–Viruel exotic fusion systems at the prime $7$. As a byproduct, we verify Robinson’s ordinary weight conjecture for principal p-blocks of almost simple groups G realizing such (nonconstrained) fusion systems.

An alpine glacier below Sunlight Peak in northwest Wyoming was first photographically documented in 1893, near the end of the Little Ice Age and during the time of industrialization. Since then, evolving technologies have been applied to observe this glacier and nearby discontinuous permafrost for studies spanning Earth, environmental, and planetary sciences. Surveys in the 21st century indicate negative mass balance coinciding with rising average air temperature. This paper reviews the geological and geophysical data on record for the Sunlight Glacier system, presents new results from a 2023 fieldwork campaign combined with remote sensing analysis and comments on likely scenarios of future evolution for this individual body of ice within a broader alpine cryosphere feeding the watersheds of western North America.

Over the course of his career, Karl Barth changed his mind on the extra Calvinisticum, moving from a robust early affirmation to a final rejection in the later volumes of the Church Dogmatics. This article traces that theological shift, arguing that it was not incidental but necessitated by the internal logic of Barth’s doctrine of revelation. In contrast to recent trajectories that seek to retrieve the extra in defence of divine impassibility, Barth’s rejection was grounded in a conviction that God’s being is identical with God’s act – most fully revealed in Jesus Christ. This christological pressure led Barth to revise the scope and function of the extra until it became theologically untenable. The article situates this shift within the broader historical development of the doctrine and concludes by exploring its implications for reconciliation, kenosis, and divine ontology in contemporary theology.

During World War I, national pride in France fostered solidarity and increased patriotism. However, after the war, the principles of self-determination and nationality reignited debates among young regionalists about federal reorganization in France and Europe. Federalism was seen as a way to promote peace in Europe and to protect national minorities within the state. This movement crystallized in 1927 when representatives from Alsace, Corsica, and Brittany established the Central Committee of National Minorities in France (CCMNF). The CCMNF advocated for self-determination and international federalism, suggesting that a federation of peoples could replace the modern state system. This structure would let each nationality decide its political status and cultural development. While the CCMNF marked a milestone in uniting minorities around federalist ideas, its efforts were slowed by the 1929 economic crisis and a resurgence of political tensions. This article examines the rise of regionalist federalism in 1920s France and its connection to the broader post-war discussions on self-determination. By placing this movement within the larger national debates on reorganizing the French state, it highlights federalism’s potential as a transformative framework for addressing political and cultural diversity.