We present an algorithm to compute the eigenvalues of the Broer–Kaup (BK) system. The BK system is a system of non-linear partial differential equations that can be used as a model for weakly non-linear wave phenomena in 1+1 dimensions, such as shallow water waves in a flume. It can be seen as the natural generalization of the more familiar Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation. Whereas the KdV equation is only valid for waves propagating in one direction, the BK system covers waves moving simultaneously in both directions. This makes the BK system the natural candidate model for reflection analysis in shallow water conditions. Analogous to the KdV equation, the eigenvalues of the BK system each characterize a soliton, which can be moving forward or backward. In this paper, we show how the eigenvalues can be computed numerically from free surface data. Under mild and verifiable conditions, we can apply quasi Sturm–Liouville oscillation theory to guarantee that every soliton is found.

The rainwater basins are northeast-southwest oriented deflation basins on an aeolian sediment–mantled remnant alluvial plain south of the Platte River in central Nebraska. Many of them hold runoff, at least seasonally. Most basins are ovoid, with long axes ranging from 1 to 2.5 km in length, and lunettes are commonly found along their southeastern and/or southern margins that stand 8 to 12 m above basin floors. Core stratigraphy indicates that the basins were eroded from Pleistocene alluvium and aeolian sand and later mantled with loess. Lunettes consist of very fine to medium sand capped by Peoria Loess. We collected 22 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) samples from lunettes around seven basins and four additional samples from the loess-mantled dunes and sandy alluvium that underlies the Rainwater Basin Plains. OSL dating shows the lunettes were deposited approximately 51 to 20 ka, although most ages lie between 39 and 25 ka. Our chronology shows that the basins and lunettes formed primarily during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) when a combination of aridity and intermittent wetter climates facilitated basin deflation and subsequent remodeling by wave activity when the basins held water. The basins and lunettes were subsequently stabilized and mantled by Peoria Loess during MIS 2.

Let $M$ denote the centered Hardy–Littlewood operator on $\mathbb{R}$. We prove that

\begin{equation*}{\rm Var} (Mf)\le {\rm Var} (f) - \frac12\big| |f(\infty)|-|f(-\infty)|\big|,\end{equation*}

for piecewise constant functions $f$ with nonzero and zero values alternating. The above inequality strengthens a recent result of Bilz and Weigt [3] proved for indicator functions of bounded variation vanishing at $\pm\infty$. We conjecture that the inequality holds for all functions of bounded variation, representing a stronger version of the existing conjecture ${\rm Var} (Mf)\le {\rm Var} (f)$. We also obtain the discrete counterpart of our theorem, moreover proving a transference result on equivalency between both settings that is of independent interest.

Inclusion of uninsured and underinsured (UUI) individuals in clinical research (CR) is necessary to ensure data quality, diversity, generalizability and fairness. Yet, in the USA, UUI persons tend to be excluded from CR. We conducted an ethical analysis of: the regulatory and ethics literature related to protections of, and duty to care for, research participants from vulnerable groups; the nature and scope of the ancillary health care obligations of researchers, and the applicable laws, regulations and practices concerning the care for UUI participants. We consider six examples illustrating the challenges of including UUI persons in CR. We note that addressing fully the challenges of UUI participation in CR requires comprehensive legal and health care reforms. We maintain that even in the absence of such reforms, researchers, study sponsors and Institutional Review Boards can and ought to adopt an inclusive approach to the recruitment of UUI individuals to improve data quality, diversity, generalizability and social justice. We propose such a systematic, proactive and ethically sound approach. It considers the medical and ancillary care needs of UUI participants, addresses them in the study protocol and budget, and includes referral to community health resources, follow-up support, and noting assistance in the research records.

The Mediterranean Diet (Med Diet) has long been shown to be associated with lower cardiovascular mortality in epidemiological studies. However, the direct effect of the dietary pattern on cardiovascular risk factors is less clear. Furthermore, the effect of Med Diet interventions in non-Mediterranean populations on cardiovascular and metabolic risk is variable. A Cochrane Review in 2019 concluded there was low to moderate evidence of a modest benefit but noted that there were still ongoing trials. Since 2019, there have been a number of published trials that have not shown a benefit of the Med Diet over other interventions or usual care. It is possible that dietary factors such as quality or quantity of carbohydrate and energy restriction are more important factors, along with the degree of weight loss, than the Med Diet itself. There are also many other factors that influence the uptake and effectiveness of the Med Diet in populations that have a different traditional or habitual diet. This review paper examines a selection of 20 Med Diet intervention trials specifically looking at clinical outcomes of glucose metabolism: fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, development of type 2 diabetes or need for hypoglycaemic medications, with or without other cardiometabolic risk factors. These trials are a mix of randomised controlled trials, crossover studies and cohort studies of greater than 8 weeks duration with more than 25 participants. There is heterogeneity in study designs and outcomes, making comparison difficult, but there is no clear benefit of the Med Diet presented.

Socio-legal scholarship has long been driven by a commitment to social change. Yet scholars continue to debate how best to pursue politically engaged empirical research – especially in relation to the elite audiences that influence the production of socio-legal knowledge. Increasingly, researchers are turning to participatory action research (PAR) as a strategy of scholar-activism. PAR centres the knowledge and agency of marginalised communities by involving them as collaborators in the research process, with the aim of producing knowledge that supports their struggles for justice. As socio-legal scholars experiment with PAR, they may encounter tensions both with their research participants and within the broader scholarly community, particularly over the role of ‘law’ in their work. Drawing on my experience using participatory methods to study data governance in Kenya, I explore the challenges and possibilities of integrating PAR into socio-legal inquiry. I suggest that when socio-legal scholars adopt PAR, they are likely to fall short of PAR’s radical participatory ideals and the conventional framing of socio-legal research. Yet, as I argue, this friction is generative. Adopting PAR can transform socio-legal inquiry to be more responsive to contemporary political struggles.

Ring sea anemones (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) engage in symbiotic associations with octocorals by attaching to their branches and surrounding them with tissue junctions, causing a significant reduction of the host’s coenenchyme. They have previously been reported from the North Atlantic, Western Indian, and Pacific Oceans, from 30 m to aphotic depths, colonising species of sea fans and sea pens in potentially parasitic relationships. Here, we report the first record of ring sea anemones from the Saudi Arabian Red Sea mesophotic waters, living on an octocoral host of the family Ellisellidae at 97 m depth. Through morphological and phylogenetic analyses based on the sequencing of the 12S small subunit rRNA region, we confirmed the identification of these ring sea anemones as Peronanthus sp. (Actiniaria, Amphianthidae). While expanding our knowledge on the geographic range of this genus, this finding emphasises the importance of explorations of coral-associated fauna at mesophotic depths, to better understand their diversity, their relationships with their hosts, and their potential ecological roles within these ecosystems.

Numerical modeling is crucial for quantifying the evolution of cryospheric processes. At the same time, uncertainties hamper process understanding and predictive accuracy. Here, we suggest improving glacier surface mass balance simulations for the Kongsvegen glacier in Svalbard through the application of Bayesian data assimilation techniques in a set of large ensemble twin experiments. Noisy synthetic observations of albedo and snow depth, generated using the multilayer CryoGrid community model with a full energy balance, are assimilated using two ensemble-based data assimilation schemes: the particle batch smoother and the ensemble smoother. A comprehensive evaluation exercise demonstrates that the joint assimilation of albedo and snow depth improves the simulation skill by up to 86% relative to the prior in specific glacier regions. The particle batch smoother excels in representing albedo dynamics, while the ensemble smoother is marginally more effective for snow depth under low snowfall conditions in the ablation area. By combining the strengths of both observations, the joint assimilation achieves improved surface mass balance simulations across different glacier zones using either assimilation scheme. This work underscores the potential of ensemble-based data assimilation methods for refining glacier models by offering a robust framework to enhance predictive accuracy and reduce uncertainties in cryospheric simulations. Further advances in glacier data assimilation research with both synthetic and real observations will be critical to better understanding the fate and role of Arctic glaciers in a changing climate

Le concept de conscience du droit permet de s’intéresser à la compréhension et à l’utilisation du droit dans la vie quotidienne, afin d’étudier comment des personnes expérimentent leur rapport à celui-ci. En discutant à partir de données obtenues lors d’une enquête ethnographique menée au sein d’hôpitaux, l’objectif du présent article est de contribuer aux études sur la conscience du droit en montrant comment la recherche ethnographique favorise la compréhension de la dimension relationnelle de cette conscience du droit chez des personnes œuvrant professionnellement au sein d’organisations hautement structurées. Cette exploration de l’apport de l’ethnographie à une étude sur la conscience du droit appliquée à une enquête aux urgences québécoises permet de mieux saisir les liens existants entre une démarche de collecte de données (l’ethnographie) et la mobilisation d’un concept (la conscience du droit) dans une étude liée au droit et à la société.

Commutator blueprints can be seen as blueprints for constructing RGD systems over $\mathbb {F}_2$ with prescribed commutation relations. In this paper, we construct several families of Weyl-invariant commutator blueprints, mostly of universal type. Also applying another result of the author, we obtain new examples of exotic RGD systems of universal type over $\mathbb {F}_2$. In particular, we generalize Tits’ construction of uncountably many trivalent Moufang twin trees to higher rank, we obtain an example of an RGD system of rank $3$ such that the nilpotency degree of the groups $U_w$ is unbounded, and we construct a commutator blueprint of type $(4, 4, 4)$ that is used to answer a question of Tits from the late $1980$s about twin buildings.