Trevor Griffith and Adrian Kind argue that we should reject a standard interpretation of pain asymbolia, according to which asymbolics experience pain even though their pain lacks the affective-motivational element that typical pains possess. We make the case that Griffith and Kind’s reasons for rejecting the standard interpretation are relatively weak. We end by arguing that debates between the standard interpretation and alternative interpretations cannot be resolved without addressing the issue of how we should taxonomize pain asymbolia as a neurological condition.

Let E be an elliptic curve defined over ${{\mathbb{Q}}}$ which has good ordinary reduction at the prime p. Let K be a number field with at least one complex prime which we assume to be totally imaginary if $p=2$. We prove several equivalent criteria for the validity of the $\mathfrak{M}_H(G)$-property for ${{\mathbb{Z}}}_p$-extensions other than the cyclotomic extension inside a fixed ${{\mathbb{Z}}}_p^2$-extension $K_\infty/K$. The equivalent conditions involve the growth of $\mu$-invariants of the Selmer groups over intermediate shifted ${{\mathbb{Z}}}_p$-extensions in $K_\infty$, and the boundedness of $\lambda$-invariants as one runs over ${{\mathbb{Z}}}_p$-extensions of K inside of $K_\infty$.

Using these criteria we also derive several applications. For example, we can bound the number of ${{\mathbb{Z}}}_p$-extensions of K inside $K_\infty$ over which the Mordell–Weil rank of E is not bounded, thereby proving special cases of a conjecture of Mazur. Moreover, we show that the validity of the $\mathfrak{M}_H(G)$-property sometimes can be shifted to a larger base field K′.

The well-known $abc$-conjecture concerns triples $(a,b,c)$ of nonzero integers that are coprime and satisfy ${a+b+c=0}$. The strong n-conjecture is a generalisation to n summands where integer solutions of the equation ${a_1 + \cdots + a_n = 0}$ are considered such that the $a_i$ are pairwise coprime and satisfy a certain subsum condition. Ramaekers studied a variant of this conjecture with a slightly different set of conditions. He conjectured that in this setting the limit superior of the so-called qualities of the admissible solutions equals $1$ for any n. In this paper, we follow results of Konyagin and Browkin. We restrict to a smaller, and thus more demanding, set of solutions, and improve the known lower bounds on the limit superior: for ${n \geq 6}$ we achieve a lower bound of $\frac 54$; for odd $n \geq 5$ we even achieve $\frac 53$. In particular, Ramaekers’ conjecture is false for every ${n \ge 5}$.

Objectives/Goals: To explore the caregivers’ lived experiences related to facilitators of and barriers to effective primary care or neurology follow-up for children discharged from the pediatric emergency department (PED) with headaches. Methods/Study Population: We used the descriptive phenomenology qualitative study design to ascertain caregivers’ lived experiences with making follow-up appointments after their child’s PED visit. We conducted semi-structured interviews with caregivers of children with headaches from 4 large urban PEDs over HIPAA-compliant Zoom conferencing platform. A facilitator/co-facilitator team (JH and SL) guided all interviews, and the audio of which was transcribed using the TRINT software. Conventional content analysis was performed by two coders (JH and AS) to generate new themes, and coding disputes were resolved by team members using Atlas TI (version 24). Results/Anticipated Results: We interviewed a total of 11 caregivers (9 mothers, 1 grandmother, and 1 father). Among interviewees, 45% identified as White non-Hispanic, 45% Hispanic, 9% as African-American, and 37% were publicly insured. Participants described similar experiences in obtaining follow-up care that included long waits to obtain neurology appointments. Participants also described opportunities to overcome wait times that included offering alternative healthcare provider types as well as telehealth options. Last, participants described desired action while awaiting neurology appointments such as obtaining testing and setting treatment plans. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Caregivers perceived time to appointment as too long and identified practical solutions to ease frustrations while waiting. Future research should explore sharing caregiver experiences with primary care providers, PED physicians, and neurologists while developing plans to implement caregiver-informed interventions.

Objectives/Goals: This scoping review examines how socioeconomic status (SES) and sociodemographic status (SDS) disparities are considered in transition interventions for congenital heart disease (CHD) patients. By identifying gaps, it aims to guide future research and interventions to address inequities in transitional care. Methods/Study Population: A systematic search of the literature was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Literature was searched from January 1990 to October 2024 and revealed 823 articles. Upon initial screening, 71 duplicates, 76 non-SES focused articles, and an additional 128 irrelevant articles were excluded. A total of 548 full-text articles were reviewed. Articles that did not focus on transition interventions for CHD patients were excluded. Studies were analyzed for factors affecting care transitions with special attention to SDS and SES factors. SDS factors were defined as age, gender, race/ethnicity, and geographic location, while SES factors were defined as income level, education, employment status, and access to care. Results/Anticipated Results: Out of 548 articles reviewed, only 18 addressed SES factors, and 10 examined SDS factors in the transition from pediatric to adult care. The most common interventions were patient education (33%), care coordination (29%), and family support (21%), but they lacked tailoring to SES/SDS factors. Patients from low-income households were 50% more likely to experience care discontinuities and 40% less likely to participate in transition programs. Health literacy interventions were generic, overlooking socioeconomic differences. Tailored transition programs are needed to address low health literacy and financial barriers, potentially improving outcomes for disadvantaged patients in rural and underserved areas. Discussion/Significance of Impact: This review exposes the limited focus on SES and SDS disparities in CHD transition interventions. Disadvantaged patients face barriers like limited access to care and low health literacy. Developing tailored programs to address these gaps is crucial for enhancing transitions and improving long-term outcomes for vulnerable CHD patients.

Moffett contends that societies should be considered the “primary” group with respect to their social ramifications. Although intriguing, this claim suffers from insufficient clarity and evidence. Rather, if any group is to be crowned supreme it should surely be the family, with its unique capacity to encourage pro-group behavior, shape other groups, and provide meaning.

Bayesian optimal experiments that maximize the information gained from collected data are critical to efficiently identify behavioral models. We extend a seminal method for designing Bayesian optimal experiments by introducing two computational improvements that make the procedure tractable: (1) a search algorithm from artificial intelligence that efficiently explores the space of possible design parameters, and (2) a sampling procedure which evaluates each design parameter combination more efficiently. We apply our procedure to a game of imperfect information to evaluate and quantify the computational improvements. We then collect data across five different experimental designs to compare the ability of the optimal experimental design to discriminate among competing behavioral models against the experimental designs chosen by a “wisdom of experts” prediction experiment. We find that data from the experiment suggested by the optimal design approach requires significantly less data to distinguish behavioral models (i.e., test hypotheses) than data from the experiment suggested by experts. Substantively, we find that reinforcement learning best explains human decision-making in the imperfect information game and that behavior is not adequately described by the Bayesian Nash equilibrium. Our procedure is general and computationally efficient and can be applied to dynamically optimize online experiments.

The rather heterogeneous state of populism research on Japan and the potentially populist quality of the new political party Reiwa Shinsengumi are the two key points addressed in this paper. Based on a summary of dominant concepts of populism and the pertinent research on Japan I argue for an ideational approach to make Japan more accessible to comparative efforts. Using Reiwa Shinsengumi as an example, I conclude that there is little populism to be found and suggest that future research needs to look for explanations why Japan is apparently different in this respect from other mature liberal democracies.

In their article, Zhang et al. analyze advisory committee decisions on sNDA and sBLA submissions and highlight that committee members can draw on their own or otherwise reported clinical experience with the products, which are already available for other indications when making recommendations. They find that this experience influences members’ judgments of acceptable safety profiles of the products. At advisory committee meetings, patients and their family members may speak during open public hearing sessions. The inclusion of patients, many of whom share their experience with the product, speaks to a tension between asking advisory committee members to make a recommendation based on clinical evidence and the role of experiential testimonies in those recommendations.