In experimental social science, precise treatment effect estimation is of utmost importance, and researchers can make design choices to increase precision. Specifically, block-randomized and pre-post designs are promoted as effective means to increase precision. However, implementing these designs requires pre-treatment covariates, and collecting this information may decrease sample sizes, which in and of itself harms precision. Therefore, despite the literature’s recommendation to use block-randomized and pre-post designs, it remains unclear when to expect these designs to increase precision in applied settings. We use real-world data to demonstrate a counterintuitive result: precision gains from block-randomized or pre-post designs can withstand significant sample loss that may arise during implementation. Our findings underscore the importance of incorporating researchers’ practical concerns into existing experimental design advice.

Anesthesiologists are broadly trained members of the health care workforce, managing patients daily using advanced stabilization/resuscitative techniques. They work in a collaborative, team-based model and lead multidisciplinary teams. Their work includes prioritizing patients according to the complexities of their disease presentations, and threats to life and limb. Trauma care is a regular part of the anesthesiologist’s job. The presence of anesthesiologists is required in hospitals to achieve the designation “level 1” trauma center. Anesthesiology is a specialty known for promoting safe practice principles and improving quality of care, utilizing crisis resource management and implementing cognitive aids. Despite these skillsets, anesthesiologists are generally overlooked in disaster preparedness. The number of trained anesthesiologists is similar to that of emergency medicine physicians, and they are nearly twice as abundant as general surgeons. In countries outside the US, anesthesiologists are often included in the pre-hospital team.

The purpose of this article is to emphasize the skillsets of anesthesiologists and to advocate for their inclusion in disaster preparedness teams. Due to their presence and comfort throughout the hospital system, broad training in emergent and elective cases, resuscitation skills, procedural skills, communication skills, daily triage, and team management, anesthesiologists should be considered essential leaders during mass casualty incident preparation and response.

In a series of articles published between 1982 and 1993, Margareta Steinby put forward the hypothesis that brick stamps produced in Rome, especially those dating from Hadrian to Septimius Severus, constituted an abbreviated form of a locatio conductio, or contract for letting and hiring. According to Steinby, the hypothesis could also be used to explain the productive cycles represented by the stamps of other types of instrumenta domestica. This study builds on Steinby’s thesis to analyze Dressel 20 amphora stamps and the organization of Baetican figlinae. It explores oil amphora production in southern Spain through legal frameworks, focusing on lease and hire contracts. Case studies of public and private facilities demonstrate diverse production models. The analysis shows Steinby’s theory is broadly applicable, highlighting Roman law’s flexibility in shaping various industries beyond amphora manufacturing.

Aristotle’s views about the female body are commonly held to be an insurmountable obstacle to aligning his philosophy with feminism. Sarah Borden Sharkey, however, has attempted a robust Aristotelian feminism that alters only the minimum. She argues that to succeed it must give positive and detailed reasons for sexual equality, a task that she leaves open. Building on Sharkey’s work, this essay argues that Thomas Aquinas’ view of the will allows such a position, by combining it with Aristotle’s notion of thumos as the main dividing factor between the sexes. The result is an Aristotelian–Thomistic view that keeps female biological difference, while allowing equality in attaining virtue and prudence.

Radiocarbon (14C) activity in aquatic environments is usually different from that of the atmosphere, the result being that organisms that grow in these different environments will have different 14C ages, even though they are contemporary. This age offset in marine samples is known as the “marine reservoir effect.” The marine calibration curve takes this effect into account as a global approximation, but local variations due to ocean dynamics and other factors must be individually studied and corrected for. With a littoral of more than 11,000 km and a great interest in dating malacological marine samples, Mexico has scarce local reservoir effect studies. Most of the available data come from studies done in the 1960s and 1990s. In this study, we present new reservoir effect corrections for four sites in the Pacific Ocean with positive ΔR values as expected, and one from the Caribbean Sea with a negative average value of ΔR. The results were obtained by dating known-age shells from the malacological collection of the Natural History Museum Felipe Poey, in Havana, Cuba. This new data will be useful to do more precise reservoir effect corrections to malacological samples of the region, with special interest in contexts where it is difficult to date other kinds of organic samples, due to difficulties in their preservation.

Toxoplasmosis, caused by the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is one of the most prevalent zoonotic parasitic infections worldwide. When acquired during pregnancy, T. gondii can be transmitted to the fetus, with clinical outcomes influenced by gestational age at time of infection and the parasite’s genotype. Prenatal screening enables the detection of maternal seroconversion and offers a critical window for intervention. In Uruguay, despite mandatory serological screening during pregnancy, national data on T. gondii seroprevalence and maternal seroconversion have not been updated in two decades. In addition, the genetic diversity of local strains remains poorly characterized. In this study, we analysed publicly available serological data from pregnant individuals attending Uruguay’s largest public maternity hospital between 2019 and 2023. We found that seroprevalence has modestly declined from 50% (reported in 1998) to 45.5%, with a congenital transmission rate of 0.58%. Clinical analysis of affected newborns revealed chorioretinitis as the predominant manifestation. To investigate parasite diversity, we performed genotyping of T. gondii strains using in silico PCR-RFLP following molecular detection. Our findings revealed substantial genetic diversity, including novel allele combinations not previously described in the region. These results highlight both the continued public health burden and the evolving genetic landscape of T. gondii in Uruguay. Our findings underscore the need to strengthen surveillance and prevention strategies for congenital toxoplasmosis in South America.

From particle lifting in atmospheric boundary layers to dust ingestion in jet engines, the transport and deposition of inertial particles in wall-bounded turbulent flows are prevalent in both nature and industry. Due to triboelectrification during collisions, solid particles often acquire significant charges. However, the impacts of the resulting electrostatic interaction on the particle dynamics remain less understood. In this study, we present four-way coupled simulations to investigate the deposition of charged particles onto a grounded metal substrate through a fully developed turbulent boundary layer. Our numerical method tracks the dynamics of individual particles under the influence of turbulence, electrostatic forces and collisions. We first report a more pronounced near-wall accumulation and an increased wall-normal particle velocity due to particle charging. In addition, contrary to predictions from the classic Eulerian model, the wall-normal transport rate of inertial particles is significantly enhanced by electrostatic forces. A statistical approach is then applied to quantify the contributions from turbophoresis, biased sampling and electrostatic forces. For charged particles, a sharper gradient in wall-normal particle fluctuation velocity is observed, which substantially enhances turbophoresis and serves as the primary driving force of near-wall particle accumulation. Furthermore, charged particles are found to sample upward-moving fluids less frequently than neutral particles, thereby weakening the biased-sampling effect that typically pushes particles away from the wall. Finally, the wall-normal electric field is shown to depend on the competition between particle–wall and particle–particle electrostatic interactions, which helps to identify the dominant electrostatic force across a wide range of scenarios.

Objectives/Goals: Access to accurate public health information is an essential component to ensuring health equity. We launched our social media channels on Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok to highlight, engage with, and bring culturally tailored and language appropriate health and research information to our target communities. Methods/Study Population: Monitoring engagement patterns with our content on each platform influenced the development of a range of innovative campaigns in both English and Spanish that were informed by our core values of inclusivity, trust-building, ongoing bidirectional communication, and co-creation. These three platforms were chosen to ensure reach and engagement with the different demographics within our target populations. The campaigns included those that provided relevant and accurate health information, highlighted the diversity of our team, uplifted our community partners, and gave voice to our community members. This content included health-related infographics, mini-documentary reels, video essays, interviews, and photos. Results/Anticipated Results: We assessed effectiveness, reach, and engagement based on the robustness of the analytics for each platform. Facebook content, the majority of which is in Spanish, appealed more to older, Latino community members. TikTok content appealed more to younger (under 35), primarily English-speaking community members, while Instagram appealed more to organizational partners and community health workers. A 2023 trendline analysis of average monthly Instagram content reach and interactions indicated a moderate-to-strong relationship between our tailored content and audience engagement. Storytelling techniques consistently outperformed other content types across platforms, and community partner collaboration drastically enhanced our visibility, reach, and further validated our approach. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Social media has become increasingly central to bidirectional information dissemination. Implementing tailored strategies and leveraging storytelling techniques is an effective means of engaging diverse audiences, enhancing public health communication, and building and maintaining trust by providing accurate, accessible information.

Objectives/Goals: This study looks to better understand and call attention to the inequalities found within medical treatment options for individuals suffering from preeclampsia during pregnancy in the USA. The goal is to map the terrain of clinical trials and evaluating existing medicare/medicaid covered services on a both national and state levels. Methods/Study Population: The study population for this research was limited to: pregnant women, ages 18–45, both pregnant and postpartum suffering from preeclampsia. We began looking at clinical trials targeting preeclampsia treatment conducted within the United States between 2019 and 2024. Using our study population parameters, we searched clinicaltrials.gov. These trials’ inclusionary and exclusionary factors were noted, along with participant race. The drug intervention medication used during these clinical trials was compared to those prescribed by doctors via the current national standard of care. We then looked at Medicaid coverage provided to expecting mothers on a state-to-state basis and nationally regulated level. These factors included coverage on ultrasounds, low-dose aspirin, blood pressure monitors, and more. Results/Anticipated Results: Preliminary findings demonstrate the need for more federally regulated policies and programs set in place to help combat the lack of resources faced by expecting mothers across the nation. This research will expose factors contributing to a lack of successful and completed clinical trials and lack of drug intervention innovations taking place to combat the rise in maternal deaths. This study will also focus on the importance of more education and awareness for communities such as African American mothers and those facing multiple gestational pregnancies who are at much higher risk of complications during their pregnancies. We also anticipate a large correlation between a lack of proper childbirth education and mothers who experience complications during birth. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Within the past two decades, rates of preeclampsia have grown 25% within the USA. It affects 5–8% of all pregnancies, and with maternal death rates rising, it is crucial to highlight the alarming lack of government regulation. It is imperative to provide awareness to mothers from disadvantaged backgrounds to treat this preventable condition.