Consumer demand for pastured poultry continues to increase, but production is challenged by high feed costs. Increasing poultry use of pasture resources, including pasture plants and insects, could help offset feed costs, but few studies describe management strategies to increase poultry pasture use. Here, we introduced broiler chickens (broilers hereafter) to cover crop pastures over three growing seasons and assessed the impact of stocking density, sex, short-term feed restriction, and breed on diet diversity. Throughout each experiment, we quantified pasture use by measuring the diet richness of pasture plants and arthropods through DNA metabarcoding of broiler excreta. We found that pastured broilers consumed many cover crop and weed plant families, but the diet richness of insects was unexpectedly low. Lower stocking density increased diet richness across all 3 years of the study. A short-term feed restriction increased diet richness compared to an unrestricted feed treatment. For fast-growing broilers, individuals with greater weight gain consumed the greatest diversity of diet items; however, the opposite pattern was observed for slow-growing broilers. As expected from anecdotal evidence, slow-growing broilers tended to have higher diet richness compared to fast-growing broilers. Despite increased diet richness, stocking density and short-term feed restriction did not increase the feed-use efficiency (weight gain/feed consumed) of broilers. Further, slow-growing broilers had lower feed-use efficiency compared to fast-growing broilers. This study marks the first application of DNA metabarcoding to elucidate the dietary composition of pasture-raised broilers. Future research should expand on optimal rates of access to pasture, supplemental feed, and breed selection to maximize the cost-effectiveness of pastured poultry production.

Evidence shows that tenth- and eleventh-century Kitan (Liao) emperors used pseudo-kinship to cement diplomatic relations with foreign powers as well as for internal affairs. Similarities between this practice and twelfth- and thirteenth-century Mongol anda (sworn friendship) were previously highlighted by Wang Guowei but have yet to be the focus of further study. Kitan emperors used pseudo-kinship as a preferred political tool to establish alliances and reinforce their position in both external and domestic policies. A comparison of Kitan and Mongol traditions also shows a high degree of similarity. However, although they share concepts of sworn friendship and common oath rituals, the establishment of pseudo-kinship occurred in different contexts and often for different purposes. This article attempts to show that Kitan rulers successfully continued the pseudo-kinship diplomacy that existed since the Tang between the hegemons of the steppe and the Central Plain. They achieved this by making regular use of pseudo-kinship diplomacy, in addition to seeking ways to make the practice more acceptable to the Chinese court. These adaptations included a progressive estrangement of diplomatic pseudo-kinship from its original form, casting away oath rituals and adopting a new system of kinship terms.

Dans le contexte pandémique de la COVID-19, les personnes aînées se sont retrouvées confinées et isolées, et ce, même dans le cadre d’un milieu de vie collective. Cet article fait état d’une étude de la portée sur les bienfaits d’un chœur intergénérationnel pour personnes aînées et les stratégies à considérer pour sa mise en place. L’analyse de 16 études sur ce sujet a permis de se familiariser avec les résultats, les recommandations et les pistes de recherche en lien avec le bien-être et le sens de satisfaction que retirent les personnes aînées qui participent à un chœur, de même que des interventions en chant choral à privilégier. De plus, cette activité qui est peu couteuse et bénéfique est considérée comme une intervention de nature préventive qui contribue au bien-être des personnes aînées et à leur prise en charge pour un vieillissement en santé. Par ailleurs, les résultats suggèrent de continuer à documenter l’efficacité des stratégies proposées pour les améliorer ou les adapter afin de maximiser les effets positifs d’une telle activité sur le bien-être physique, social, émotionnel et cognitif des personnes aînées.

Le fardeau administratif renvoie au phénomène selon lequel la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques et, plus généralement, les interactions avec l’État, sont coûteuses et difficiles. Chaque personne est en effet confrontée à des coûts d'apprentissage lorsqu'elle acquiert de l'information sur les programmes et services publics, à des coûts de conformité lorsqu'elle tente de satisfaire à leurs règles, et à des coûts psychologiques (stress, etc.) lorsqu'elle interagit avec ceux-ci. Cette littérature, presque exclusivement anglophone, s'est développée à un rythme effréné. Cette synthèse critique fait le bilan de ces récents développements et propose une discussion articulée autour de trois thèmes : 1) Que sont les fardeaux administratifs et quels enjeux soulèvent-ils? ; 2) Quelles sont les sources des fardeaux? ; et 3) Quelles en sont les conséquences distributives et politiques? Des pistes de recherche future sont proposées pour chacun de ces thèmes.

Amid resurgent geopolitical fissures and in the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic, there is a growing awareness in the sector of the need for, and concern about, national and international collaboration in archaeological projects. This article reflects on present-day challenges for international collaboration in central Eurasian archaeology and furthers a much-needed discussion about (re)integrating local narratives with inter-regional trends in future research. Responsible and practical proposals for bridging collaborator differences in institutional or publishing obligations, language capacities and access to resources are discussed.

Compressible anisothermal flows, which are commonly found in industrial settings such as combustion chambers and heat exchangers, are characterized by significant variations in density, viscosity, and heat conductivity with temperature. These variations lead to a strong interaction between the temperature and velocity fields that impacts the near-wall profiles of both quantities. Wall-modeled large-eddy simulations (LESs) rely on a wall model to provide a boundary condition, for example, the shear stress and the heat flux that accurately represents this interaction despite the use of coarse cells near the wall, and thereby achieve a good balance between computational cost and accuracy. In this article, the use of graph neural networks for wall modeling in LES is assessed for compressible anisothermal flow. Graph neural networks are a type of machine learning model that can learn from data and operate directly on complex unstructured meshes. Previous work has shown the effectiveness of graph neural network wall modeling for isothermal incompressible flows. This article develops the graph neural network architecture and training to extend their applicability to compressible anisothermal flows. The model is trained and tested a priori using a database of both incompressible isothermal and compressible anisothermal flows. The model is finally tested a posteriori for the wall-modeled LES of a channel flow and a turbine blade, both of which were not seen during training.

In two-fluid simulations of gas–solid fluidised beds, the gaseous phase and the particulate phase are modelled as continuous media. The stress exerted by the particulate medium on the container walls should be modelled to predict accurately the bed dynamics. This paper addresses the modelling of sliding particle–wall contacts in two-fluid simulations, based on reference simulations coupling computational fluid dynamics with the discrete element method (CFD-DEM), in which the individual movement of the particles is tracked. The analysis of the CFD-DEM highlights the complex near-wall behaviour of the particles, which is not reproduced by two-fluid models. Nevertheless, the particle–wall shear stress can be expressed based on the total granular pressure within the first cell off the wall. The model is validated for the two-fluid simulation of a bubbling gas–solid fluidised bed of olefin particles in the dense-fluidisation regime.

Tertiary weathered sediments located immediately to the west of the harbor at Newhaven, Sussex, UK, were investigated by examination of major and trace elements by scanning electron microscope (SEM), microprobe, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), and the mineralogy was studied by optical petrography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), selective leaching, and thermodynamic modeling. Studied outcrops experienced acid leaching by sulfuric acid percolating downward through Tertiary sediments overlying Cretaceous chalk. The progressive neutralization of the percolating acid fluids resulted in “sequentially” layered neoformation of minerals: jarosite, iron oxides, aluminous minerals (sulfates, oxyhydroxides), gypsum, and Fe-Mn oxides. Substantial agreement was found between field observations and mineral assemblages obtained by modeling with the program CHILLER. These results suggest that the initial assumptions on the weathering process and mechanisms are correct. The relevance and implications of this study in the modeling of future denudation and weathering processes of radioactive waste-disposal sites (both deeply buried sites for high-leveI waste and surface sites for low-level waste) are discussed. Neoformed phases, such as jarosite, aluminous minerals, and silico-aluminous gels may play a significant role in the efficient trapping of mobilized pollutant radionuclides.

The problem of lying to, or deceiving oneself is currently one of the most debated in analytical philosophy. Now, since analytical philosophers are aware that Sartre defined "bad faith" as lying to oneself, as self-deception, and since moreover they find relatively coherent arguments in Sartre's text, they do not hesitate to include these arguments in their debates, if only to contest them. "To be dead is to be a prey for the living," one reads in Being and Nothingness (p. 695). One imagines Sartre rolling over in his grave. For this philosophy of mind is truly the Other of Sartre's philosophy. Yet, at the price of a treacherous translation, this philosophy gets something from Sartre, and perhaps gives him something in return.

In a slightly surreal, perhaps even monstrous way, I am going to make the two philosophies engage in a dialogue on the problem of lying to oneself.

Let K be a non-Archimedean valued field with valuation ring R. Let $C_\eta $ be a K-curve with compact-type reduction, so its Jacobian $J_\eta $ extends to an abelian R-scheme J. We prove that an Abel–Jacobi map $\iota \colon C_\eta \to J_\eta $ extends to a morphism $C\to J$, where C is a compact-type R-model of J, and we show this is a closed immersion when the special fiber of C has no rational components. To do so, we apply a rigid-analytic “fiberwise” criterion for a morphism to extend to integral models, and geometric results of Bosch and Lütkebohmert on the analytic structure of $J_\eta $.

Experiments are conducted in an open-channel flow where half of the section is smooth and the other half consists of an array of cubes, which are either submerged or emergent. A shear layer featuring large-scale Kelvin–Helmholtz structures develops between the two subsections. The flows are first analysed in the framework of the double-averaging method (averaging of the flow both in time and space). Double averaging could be performed thanks to an experimental set-up (three-dimensional, two-component telecentric scanning particle image velocimetry) that allows to measure the velocity field in a large volume, including the interstices between the cubes. A momentum balance performed on the smooth subsection indicates that the loss of momentum towards the rough subsection has the same order of magnitude than the momentum loss through bed friction. This lateral momentum flux occurs nearly exclusively through turbulent shear stress, whereas secondary currents plays a minor role and dispersive shear stress is negligible. A pattern recognition technique is then applied to investigate statistically the large-scale Kelvin–Helmholtz structures that develop in the shear layer. The structures appear to be coherent over the water depth and to be strongly inclined in the vertical, the top part being ahead. The educed coherent structure is responsible by itself for the shape of the velocity profile across the shear layer and for a large part of the turbulence (up to 60 % for the turbulent shear stress). Finally, a coupling is identified between the passage of the Kelvin–Helmholtz structures and the instantaneous wake flow around the cubes at the interface.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To test the effect of a trusted Community Health Worker (CHW) support model to increase accessibility, feasibility and completion of COVID-19 home-testing in Native American and Latino communities. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted a multi-site pragmatic randomized controlled trial among adult Native Americans and Latinos from the Flathead reservation in Montana and Yakima Valley in Washington. Participants were block randomized by site location and age to either an active or passive study arm. Participants in the active arm received assistance with online COVID-19 test kit registration and virtual swabbing support from CHWs, while the passive study arm received the standard-of-care support from the COVID-19 home testing kit vendor. Simple and multivariate logistic regression modeled the association between home-testing distribution mechanism and test completion. Multivariate models included community and sex as covariates. Descriptive feedback was collected in a post-test survey. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Overall, 63% of the 268 enrolled participants completed COVID-19 tests, and 50% completed tests yielding a valid result. Active arm participants had significantly higher odds of test completion (OR 1.66, 95% CI: [1.01, 2.75], p-value=0.04). Differences were most pronounced among adults ≥60 years, with 84% completing testing kits in the active arm, compared to 58% in the passive arm (p=0.07). Ease of use and not having to leave home were top positive aspects of the home-based test while transporting and mailing samples to lab and long/overwhelming instructions were cited as negative aspects. Most test completers (93%) were satisfied with their experience and 95% found CHW assistance useful. Sample expiration and insufficient identifiers were top causes of non-valid test results. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: While test completion rates were low in both study arms, the CHW support led to a higher COVID-19 test completion rate, particularly among older adults. Still, CHW support alone does not fully eliminate testing barriers. Socio-economic differences must be accounted for in future product development for home-based testing to improve health equity.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Despite efforts to improve COVID-19 health outcomes through testing and vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 has exacerbated health disparities in underserved populations. Through this study we examined socio-contextual factors impacting decisions to test for COVID-19 among Native Americans in the Flathead Reservation and Hispanics in the Yakima Valley. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A series of 28 key informant interviews and 6 focus groups (N=39 focus group participants) were completed with community and tribal leaders using an interview guide informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior, Social Cognitive Theory, and the Social Contextual Factor Frameworks. The interview guide was designed to examine the socio-contextual factors impacting decisions to test for COVID-19 among Native Americans and Hispanics in the Northwest. A codebook was developed to apply deductive coding to informant responses, followed by an inductive, constant comparison approach. Three analysts met to refine the codebook and conduct inter-rater agreement. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Five themes (social, cultural, health, religious and political factors) were identified that impacted testing for COVID-19. For social factors, participants discussed the influence of families and friends and unfair employment practices influencing decisions to test. Cultural factors included deep rooted distrust for the government and historical trauma. Health factors participants reported included the importance of testing to save lives, distrust for medical system, and health communications around COVID-19 affecting decisions to test. There was some interaction between religious and political factors. While participants mentioned beliefs in putting things in God’s hands, some decisions to test seemed to be affected by their political views. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Several socio-cultural factors influence decisions to test for COVID-19. Understanding the community’s perception of COVID-19 testing is critical for successful implementation of preventive strategies.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: COVID-19 disproportionately impacts rural communities of color. Socioeconomic status, occupation and chronic illnesses lead to worse COVID-19 outcomes. This study identifies motivators and barriers of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the Latino and Flathead Reservation agricultural communities. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Thirty key informant interviews and 6 focus groups (N=39 focus group participants) were conducted with community and tribal leaders using an interview guide informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior, Social Cognitive Theory, and the Social Contextual Factor Frameworks. The interview guide was designed to understand the motivators and barriers of COVID-19 vaccine uptake. The Community Advisory Board, community investigators and community health workers from the community reviewed and revised the guide. A codebook applied deductive coding to informant responses, followed by an inductive, constant comparison approach. Three analysts met to refine the codebook and conduct inter-rater agreement. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Participants from Flathead reservations and Yakima frequently noted a desire to protect one’s self, family and elders. This significant motivator encouraged individuals to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, despite sincere vaccine concerns and government rollout. Barriers included concerns regarding rumored, serious or rare side effects, speed of vaccine development and misinformation. Key differences exist between both communities. Yakima participants noted religious concerns and ID requirements as major barriers. Flathead reservation participants noted distrust and historical trauma of the U.S. government and issues with access (e.g. transportation, technology). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The pandemic disproportionately impacts vulnerable communities in agricultural settings. Participants in both communities felt vaccine availability had outpaced uptake. Clearly, culturally sensitive education and respectful communication would be key in addressing vaccine concerns and improving vaccine uptake.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted health systems and exposed disparities in access to health care among underserved populations. We examined how the pandemic shaped social, mental, and physical health among Native American and Latino communities in rural and underserved areas. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using Theory of Planned Behavior, Social Cognitive Theory, and Social Contextual Factor frameworks, we developed interview guides to examine perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic on social, mental, and physical health among community members. Stakeholders of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation in Montana and the Hispanic/Latinx population in Yakima Valley in Washington were selected through purposeful community-engagement. A total of six focus group discussions and 30 key informant interviews were administered in both communities. A codebook was developed and deductive coding was applied to informant responses, followed by an inductive, constant comparison approach. The codebook was further refined and inter-rater agreement was completed by three analysts. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Four themes were highlighted as areas impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic (mental and physical health, family dynamics, and social disruptions) with few differences among geographic areas or between focus group (n=39) and key informant (n=28) participants. Perceived impacts on mental health included increased stress, anxiety, and depression, while pandemic-related lifestyle or family changes impacted physical health. Participants reported changes to family routines and dynamics due to staying home, social distancing, and more frequent interactions inside or limited interactions outside the household respectively. Social distruptions reported included impacts on finances, employment, and household staples, though participants highlighted how many community members stepped up to help those in need. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The COVID-19 pandemic had similar impacts on two geographically distinct underserved communities in Montana and Washington. Understanding the community’s experience with the COVID-19 pandemic is critical to identify strategies to support families, community needs, and mental and physical health in underserved communities.

As the Reynolds number increases, the large-eddy simulation (LES) of complex flows becomes increasingly intractable because near-wall turbulent structures become increasingly small. Wall modeling reduces the computational requirements of LES by enabling the use of coarser cells at the walls. This paper presents a machine-learning methodology to develop data-driven wall-shear-stress models that can directly operate, a posteriori, on the unstructured grid of the simulation. The model architecture is based on graph neural networks. The model is trained on a database which includes fully developed boundary layers, adverse pressure gradients, separated boundary layers, and laminar–turbulent transition. The relevance of the trained model is verified a posteriori for the simulation of a channel flow, a backward-facing step and a linear blade cascade.

This article shares the exciting discovery of previously unidentified arias within the music amassed by the eighteenth-century English poet Thomas Gray. His ten-volume collection, now held at the Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University, contains some of the only surviving copies of important arias dating back as far as 1690 and bears many annotations by Gray listing performance venues, composers, opera roles and singers. One volume of the collection contains many unattributed works, among which I identify a number of arias. Five of them match the libretto to La caduta del regno dell'Amazzoni (1690) and another corresponds to Il Colombo overo l'India scoperta (1691), both operas originally set by Bernardo Pasquini. The texts of the two ensuing arias align with Carlo Sigismondo Capeci's libretto for Ifigenia in Tauri (1713), the opera he wrote with Domenico Scarlatti for their patroness, Maria Kazimiera Sobieska. In addition, in the first pages of the assemblage, instructions in Gray's hand on how to execute a basso-continuo accompaniment continue from another volume, where he entitled these ‘Regole per l'Accompagnamento’ and interwove them with a ‘Toccata per il Cembalo’. This article seeks to describe the newfound works and stimulate study into the full contents of Gray's music collection, but its main focus is on the two excerpts from Ifigenia in Tauri and their possible attribution to Domenico Scarlatti. Salient characteristics of these scores are presented, as is an evaluation of their concordance with Capeci's libretto. Further, I underline features that these numbers share with other Ifigenia in Tauri arias known to be by Domenico Scarlatti and provide comprehensive tables detailing equivalent structural proportions.