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We present a re-discovery of G278.94+1.35a as possibly one of the largest known Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs) – that we name Diprotodon. While previously established as a Galactic SNR, Diprotodon is visible in our new Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU) and GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky MWA (GLEAM) radio continuum images at an angular size of 
$3{{{{.\!^\circ}}}}33\times3{{{{.\!^\circ}}}}23$, much larger than previously measured. At the previously suggested distance of 2.7 kpc, this implies a diameter of 157
$\times$152 pc. This size would qualify Diprotodon as the largest known SNR and pushes our estimates of SNR sizes to the upper limits. We investigate the environment in which the SNR is located and examine various scenarios that might explain such a large and relatively bright SNR appearance. We find that Diprotodon is most likely at a much closer distance of 
$\sim$1 kpc, implying its diameter is 58
$\times$56 pc and it is in the radiative evolutionary phase. We also present a new Fermi-LAT data analysis that confirms the angular extent of the SNR in gamma rays. The origin of the high-energy emission remains somewhat puzzling, and the scenarios we explore reveal new puzzles, given this unexpected and unique observation of a seemingly evolved SNR having a hard GeV spectrum with no breaks. We explore both leptonic and hadronic scenarios, as well as the possibility that the high-energy emission arises from the leftover particle population of a historic pulsar wind nebula.
For any 
$n<\omega $ we construct an infinite 
$(n+1)$-generated Heyting algebra whose n-generated subalgebras are of cardinality 
$\leq m_n$ for some positive integer 
$m_n$. From this we conclude that for every 
$n<\omega $ there exists a variety of Heyting algebras which contains an infinite 
$(n+1)$-generated algebra, but which contains only finite n-generated algebras. For the case 
$n=2$ this provides a negative answer to a question posed by G. Bezhanishvili and R. Grigolia in [4].
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders in adults. Psychotherapies are among the most recommended treatment choices for GAD, but which should be considered as first-line treatment still needs to be clarified.
To examine the most effective and accepted psychotherapy for GAD both in the short and long-term, via a network meta-analysis.
We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials – CENTRAL, from database inception to January 1st, 2023, to find randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychotherapies for GAD. Eight psychotherapies (behaviour therapy, cognitive-behaviour therapy, cognitive restructuring, psychoeducation, psychodynamic therapy, relaxation therapy, supportive psychotherapy, and third-wave CBTs) were compared with each other and two control conditions (treatment as usual, waiting list). We followed Cochrane standards when extracting data and assessing data quality and used PRISMA guidelines for the reporting. We conducted random-effects model pairwise and network meta-analyses. We assessed risk of bias of individual studies through the second version of the Cochrane’s Risk of Bias tool and used the Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis (CINeMA) to rate certainty of evidence for meta-analytical results. Severity of GAD symptoms and acceptability of the psychotherapies were our outcomes of interest.
We analysed data from 66 RCTs. Effect size estimates on data from 5,597 participants suggest third wave cognitive-behavioural therapies (standardized mean differences [SMDs] =-0.78; 95%CI=-1.19 to -0.37; certainty=moderate), cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) (SMD=-0.68; 95%CI=-1.05 to -0.32 certainty=moderate), and relaxation therapy (SMD=-0.54; 95%CI=-1.04 to -0.05; certainty=low) reduced generalized anxiety symptoms more than treatment as usual (TAU). Relative risks for all-cause discontinuation signalled no differences compared with TAU for all psychotherapies. When excluding studies at high risk of bias, relaxation therapy lost its superiority over TAU. When considering anxiety severity at three to twelve months after completion of the intervention only CBT remained significantly more efficacious than TAU (SMD=-0.58; 95%CI=-0.93 to -0.23).
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Given the evidence for both acute and long-term efficacy, CBT may represent the reasonable first-line psychological treatment for GAD. Third-wave CBT and relaxation therapy have short-term efficacy and may also be offered. Results from this investigation should inform patients, clinicians, and guidelines. This project is funded by the European Union’s HORIZON EUROPE research programme under grant agreement No 101061648.
None Declared
