Ice shelves affect the stability of ice sheets by supporting the mass balance of ice upstream of the grounding line. Marine ice, formed from supercooled water freezing at the base of ice shelves, contributes to mass gain and affects ice dynamics. Direct measurements of marine ice thickness are rare due to the challenges of borehole drilling. Here we assume hydrostatic equilibrium to estimate marine ice distribution beneath the Amery Ice Shelf (AIS) using meteoric ice-thickness data obtained from radio-echo sounding collected during the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition between 2015 and 2019. This is the first mapping of marine ice beneath the AIS in nearly 20 years. Our new estimates of marine ice along two longitudinal bands beneath the northwest AIS are spatially consistent with earlier work but thicker. We also find a marine ice layer exceeding 30 m of thickness in the central ice shelf and patchy refreezing downstream of the grounding line. Thickness differences from prior results may indicate time-variation in basal melting and freezing patterns driven by polynya activity and coastal water intrusions masses under the ice shelf, highlighting that those changes in ice–ocean interaction are impacting ice-shelf stability.

Objectives/Goals: The neighborhoods children grow up in are critical drivers of social, emotional, and cognitive development. This study utilized factor scores of environment, education, and socioeconomic variables in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) and its association with cognitive functioning in youth. Methods/Study Population: This study used ABCD (n  =  9,543) linked external data, cognitive performance, and self-reported data from youth (ages 9–10) and their caregivers. We utilized four factor scores of the Child Opportunity Index 2.0 (COI), including socioeconomic attainment, poverty, neighborhood enrichment, and child education. Furthermore, this study investigated the association between the COI factors and youth cognitive functioning via the NIH Toolbox. Covariates included age, sex, county level crime rates, perceptions of neighborhood threat, parent education, and family income; site and family relationship were held as random effects. Results/Anticipated Results: Increased Socioeconomic Attainment and Child Education factor scores were distinctly associated with increased cognitive performance across all subscales and composite scores that include aspects of overall cognitive ability, executive functioning, and learning and memory. Increased poverty factor scores were significantly associated with decreased cognitive performance across all substances and composite scores. Finally, increased neighborhood enrichment factor scores were significantly associated with increased oral reading recognition task scores only and no other cognitive task. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Findings suggest distinct dimensions of neighborhood opportunity associated with aspects of cognition. The present study can help to inform public health efforts and policy on improving modifiable built and natural environmental structures that may aid in supporting cognitive development.

We propose a hierarchical Bayesian model for analyzing multi-site experimental fMRI studies. Our method takes the hierarchical structure of the data (subjects are nested within sites, and there are multiple observations per subject) into account and allows for modeling between-site variation. Using posterior predictive model checking and model selection based on the deviance information criterion (DIC), we show that our model provides a good fit to the observed data by sharing information across the sites. We also propose a simple approach for evaluating the efficacy of the multi-site experiment by comparing the results to those that would be expected in hypothetical single-site experiments with the same sample size.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Burst suppression is a neurophysiological marker associated with severe hypoxic-ischemic injury following cardiac arrest. The goal of this study is to identify the anatomical regions of the brain associated with burst suppression post-cardiac arrest. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: 86 comatose patients post-cardiac arrest admitted to the neurological-ICU from Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women’s Hospital were included in this study. EEG data after return of spontaneous circulation were preprocessed and artifact was rejected. Burst segments were extracted for source localization analysis from epochs with burst suppression. Four bursts for each patients were manually selected. The source of the bursts were obtained using the Champagne algorithm and mapped on the Desikan-Killiany atlas. The source for each burst was defined as any region of interest (ROI) with power > = 75th percentile relative to all ROIs. The power of the bursts at each source was correlated with the burden of brain injury measured using apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) per ROI. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: 48 (56%) patients had burst suppression. 5 (10.4%) of patients with burst suppression were independent at the time of hospital discharge. Preliminary analyses was performed on 6 patients (24 bursts in total). ROI’s determined to be sources in a majority of the burst (>=13) were bilateral superior frontal, rostral middle frontal, parstriangularis precentral, superior parietal, inferior parietal, right post central, superior temporal, lateral occipital, and left middle temporal ROI. A lower mean ADC intensity was associated with a higher EEG power in the bilateral superior frontal (r = -0.80, p < 0.0001; r = -0.677, p < 0.001, respectively), left superior parietal (r = -0.53, p = 0.009), left middle temporal (r = -0.43, p = 0.042) ROI. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The source of bursts in patients post-cardiac arrest experiencing burst suppression is not well defined. This study will improve our understanding of how burst suppression is a measure of cortical injury, how it may relate to the burden of injury found on ADC imaging, and patient outcomes.

Auctions, normally considered as devices facilitating trade, also provide a way to probe mechanisms governing one’s valuation of some good or action. One of the most intriguing phenomena in auction behavior is the winner’s curse — the strong tendency of participants to bid more than rational agent theory prescribes, often at a significant loss. The prevailing explanation suggests that humans have limited cognitive abilities that make estimating the correct bid difficult, if not impossible. Using a series of auction structures, we found that bidding approaches rational agent predictions when participants compete against a computer. However, the winner’s curse appears when participants compete against other humans, even when cognitive demands for the correct bidding strategy are removed. These results suggest the humans assign significant future value to victories over human but not over computer opponents even though such victories may incur immediate losses, and that this valuation anomaly is the origin of apparently irrational behavior.

We report VLBI monitoring observations of the 22 GHz H2O masers toward the Mira variable BX Cam. Data from 37 epochs spanning ∼3 stellar pulsation periods were obtained between May 2018 and June 2021 with a time interval of 3–4 weeks. In particular, the VERA dual-beam system was used to measure the kinematics and parallaxes of the H2O maser features. The obtained parallax, 1.79±0.08 mas, is consistent with Gaia EDR3 and previous VLBI measurements. The position of the central star was estimated relied on Gaia EDR3 data and the center position of the 43 GHz SiO maser ring imaged with KVN. Analysis of the 3D maser kinematics revealed an expanding circumstellar envelope with a velocity of 13±4 km s−1 and significant spatial and velocity asymmetries. The H2O maser animation achieved by our dense monitoring program manifests the propagation of shock waves in the circumstellar envelope of BX Cam.

Background. This study examined how cognitive and affective constructs related to an acute health event predict smoking relapse following an acute cardiac health event. Methods. Participants were recruited from emergency departments and completed cognitive and emotional measures at enrollment and ecological momentary assessments (EMA) for 84 days postvisit. Results. Of 394 participants, only 35 (8.9%) remained abstinent 84 days postvisit. Time to relapse was positively associated with age, actual illness severity, self-efficacy, and quit intentions. Conclusions. Older, seriously ill patients with strong confidence and intentions to quit smoking remain abstinent longer after discharge, but most still relapse within three months.

This article develops and tests a new theoretical framework, gendered political socialization, which offers important insights into how children perceive gender in politics and the consequences of these perceptions on sex differences in political interest and ambition. Based on data from 1,604 children who live in four different regions across the United States, we find that children not only perceive politics to be a male-dominated space, but with age, girls increasingly see political leadership as a “man’s world.” Simultaneously, as children grow older, they internalize gendered expectations, which direct their interests toward professions that embody the gendered traits that fit with their own sex. One result of this mismatch between women and politics is that girls express lower levels of interest and ambition in politics than do boys.

It is under debate how preferential perfusion of the brain (brain-sparing) in fetal growth restriction (FGR) relates to long-term neurodevelopmental outcome. Epigenetic modification of neurotrophic genes by altered fetal oxygenation may be involved. To explore this theory, we performed a follow-up study of 21 FGR children, in whom we prospectively measured the prenatal cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) with Doppler sonography. At 4 years of age, we tested their neurodevelopmental outcome using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, the Child Behavior Checklist, and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. In addition, we collected their buccal DNA to determine the methylation status at predefined genetic regions within the genes hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1A), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), erythropoietin (EPO), EPO-receptor (EPOR), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 2 (NTRK2) by pyrosequencing. We found that FGR children with fetal brain-sparing (CPR <1, n = 8) demonstrated a trend (0.05 < p < 0.1) toward hypermethylation of HIF1A and VEGFA at their hypoxia-response element (HRE) compared with FGR children without fetal brain-sparing. Moreover, in cases with fetal brain-sparing, we observed statistically significant hypermethylation at a binding site for cyclic adenosine monophophate response element binding protein (CREB) of BDNF promoter exon 4 and hypomethylation at an HRE located within the NTRK2 promoter (both p <0.05). Hypermethylation of VEGFA was associated with a poorer Performance Intelligence Quotient, while hypermethylation of BDNF was associated with better inhibitory self-control (both p <0.05). These results led us to formulate the hypothesis that early oxygen-dependent epigenetic alterations due to hemodynamic alterations in FGR may be associated with altered neurodevelopmental outcome in later life. We recommend further studies to test this hypothesis.

To assess the amount of ice volume stored in glaciers or ice caps, a method to estimate ice thickness distribution is required for glaciers where no direct observations are available. In this study, we use an existing inverse method to estimate the bedrock topography and ice thickness of the Renland Ice Cap, East Greenland, using satellite-based observations of the surface topography. The inverse approach involves a procedure in which an ice dynamical model is used to build-up an ice cap in steady state with climate forcing from a regional climate model, and the bedrock is iteratively adjusted until the modelled and observed surface topography match. We validate our model results against information from airborne radar data and satellite observed surface velocity, and we find that the inferred ice thickness and thereby the stored total volume of the ice cap is sensitive to the assumed ice softness and basal slipperiness. The best basal model parameters for the Renland Ice Cap are determined and the best estimated total ice volume of 384 km3 is found. The Renland Ice Cap is particularly interesting because of its location at a high elevation plateau and hence assumed low sensitivity to climate change.

Advances in analytical methods have made it possible to obtain high-resolution water isotopic data from ice cores. Their spectral signature contains information on the diffusion process that attenuated the isotopic signal during the firn densification process. Here, we provide a tool for estimating firn-diffusion rates that builds on the Community Firn Model. Our model requires two main inputs, temperature and accumulation, and it calculates the diffusion lengths for δ17O, δ18O and δD. Prior information on the isotopic signal of the precipitation is not a requirement. In combination with deconvolution techniques, diffusion lengths can be used in order reconstruct the pre-diffusion isotopic signal. Furthermore, the temperature dependence of the isotope diffusion and firn densification makes the diffusion length an interesting candidate as a temperature proxy. We test the model under steady state and transient scenarios and compare four densification models. Comparisons with ice core data provide an evaluation of the four models and indicate that there are differences in their performance. Combining data-based diffusion length estimates with information on past accumulation rates and ice flow thinning, we reconstruct absolute temperatures from three Antarctic ice core sites.