Recent changes to US research funding are having far-reaching consequences that imperil the integrity of science and the provision of care to vulnerable populations. Resisting these changes, the BJPsych Portfolio reaffirms its commitment to publishing mental science and advancing psychiatric knowledge that improves the mental health of one and all.

The stars of the Milky Way carry the chemical history of our Galaxy in their atmospheres as they journey through its vast expanse. Like barcodes, we can extract the chemical fingerprints of stars from high-resolution spectroscopy. The fourth data release (DR4) of the Galactic Archaeology with HERMES (GALAH) Survey, based on a decade of observations, provides the chemical abundances of up to 32 elements for 917 588 stars that also have exquisite astrometric data from the Gaia satellite. For the first time, these elements include life-essential nitrogen to complement carbon, and oxygen as well as more measurements of rare-earth elements critical to modern-life electronics, offering unparalleled insights into the chemical composition of the Milky Way. For this release, we use neural networks to simultaneously fit stellar parameters and abundances across the whole wavelength range, leveraging synthetic grids computed with Spectroscopy Made Easy. These grids account for atomic line formation in non-local thermodynamic equilibrium for 14 elements. In a two-iteration process, we first fit stellar labels to all 1 085 520 spectra, then co-add repeated observations and refine these labels using astrometric data from Gaia and 2MASS photometry, improving the accuracy and precision of stellar parameters and abundances. Our validation thoroughly assesses the reliability of spectroscopic measurements and highlights key caveats. GALAH DR4 represents yet another milestone in Galactic archaeology, combining detailed chemical compositions from multiple nucleosynthetic channels with kinematic information and age estimates. The resulting dataset, covering nearly a million stars, opens new avenues for understanding not only the chemical and dynamical history of the Milky Way but also the broader questions of the origin of elements and the evolution of planets, stars, and galaxies.

Florpyrauxifen-benzyl is a postemergence rice herbicide that has reduced rice yield in some situations, and producers are concerned that the impact could be even greater with low rice seeding densities. Therefore, research was conducted in Stoneville, MS, from 2019 to 2021, to evaluate the effect of florpyrauxifen-benzyl on rice yield when a hybrid was seeded at reduced densities. Rice cultivar FullPage RT 7521 FP was seeded at 10, 17, 24, 30, and 37 kg ha−1. At the 4-leaf to 1-tiller growth stage, florpyrauxifen-benzyl was applied at 0 or 58 g ai ha−1. Rice injury following application of florpyrauxifen-benzyl was ≤8% across all seeding rates and evaluation intervals. Application of florpyrauxifen-benzyl reduced plant heights by 14% to all seeding rates but did not result in delayed rice maturity. When florpyrauxifen-benzyl was not applied to rice that was seeded at 10 and 17 kg ha−1 seeding rates, rice matured slower than when it was seeded at 24, 30, and 37 kg ha−1. When florpyrauxifen-benzyl was applied, rough rice grain yields were reduced by at the 17 and 37 kg ha−1 seeding rates, but not at any other seeding rate. In conclusion, application of florpyrauxifen-benzyl at a 2× rate can cause a loss of yield resulting from variation in rice densities.

We used the PW high-repetition laser facility VEGA-3 at Centro de Láseres Pulsados in Salamanca, with the goal of studying the generation of radioisotopes using laser-driven proton beams. Various types of targets have been irradiated, including in particular several targets containing boron to generate α-particles through the hydrogen–boron fusion reaction. We have successfully identified γ-ray lines from several radioisotopes created by irradiation using laser-generated α-particles or protons including 43Sc, 44Sc, 48Sc, 7Be, 11C and 18F. We show that radioisotope generation can be used as a diagnostic tool to evaluate α-particle generation in laser-driven proton–boron fusion experiments. We also show the production of 11C radioisotopes, $\approx 6 \times 10^{6}$, and of 44Sc radioisotopes, $\approx 5 \times 10^{4}$ per laser shot. This result can open the way to develop laser-driven radiation sources of radioisotopes for medical applications.

To meet the specific education needs of ethics committee members (primarily full-time healthcare professionals), the Regional Ethics Department of Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNCAL) and Washington State University’s Elson Floyd School of Medicine have partnered to create a one-academic year Medical Ethics Certificate Program. The mission-driven nature of the KPNCAL-WSU’s Certificate Program was designed to be a low-cost, high-quality option for busy full-time practitioners who may not otherwise opt to pursue additional education.

This article discusses the specific competency-focused methodologies and pedagogies adopted, as well as how the Certificate Program made permanent changes in response to the global pandemic. This article also discusses in detail one of the Program’s signature features, its Practicum—an extensive simulated clinical ethics consultation placing students in the role of ethics consultant, facilitating a conflict between family members played by paid professional actors. This article concludes with survey data responses from Program alumni gathered as part of a quality study.

Highly portable and accessible MRI technology will allow researchers to conduct field-based MRI research in community settings. Previous guidance for researchers working with fixed MRI does not address the novel ethical, legal, and societal issues (ELSI) of portable MRI (pMRI). Our interdisciplinary Working Group (WG) previously identified 15 core ELSI challenges associated with pMRI research and recommended solutions. In this article, we distill those detailed recommendations into a Portable MRI Research ELSI Checklist that offers practical operational guidance for researchers contemplating using this technology.

Objectives: Activities that require active thinking, like occupations, may influence cognitive function and its change over time. Associations between retirement and dementia risk have been reported, however the role of retirement age in these associations is unclear. We assessed associations of occupation and retirement age with cognitive decline in the US community-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC)cohort.

Methods: We included 14,090 ARIC participants, followed for changes in cognition during up to 21 years. Information on current or most recent occupation was collected at ARIC baseline (1987–1989; participants aged 45–64 years) and categorized according to the 1980 US Census protocols and the Nam-Powers-Boyd occupational status score. Follow-up data on retirement was collected during 1999–2007 and classified as retired versus not retired at age 70. Trajectories of global cognitive factor scores from ARIC visit 2 (1990–1992) to visit 5 (2011–2013) were presented, and associations with occupation and age at retirement were studied using generalized estimating equation models, stratified by race and sex, and adjusted for demographics andcomorbidities.

Results: Mean age (SD) at first cognitive assessment was 57.0 (5.72) years. Higher occupational status and white- collar occupations were significantly associated with higher cognitive function at baseline. Occupation was associated with cognitive decline over 21 years only in women, and the direction of the effect on cognitive function differed between black and white women: in white women, the decline in cognitive function was greater in homemakers and low status occupations, whereas in black women, less decline was found in homemakers and low (compared to high) occupational status. Interestingly, retirement on or before age 70 was associated with less 21-year cognitive decline in all race-sex strata, except for blackwomen.

Conclusions: Associations between occupation, retirement age and cognitive function substantially differed by race and sex. Further research should explore reasons for the observed associations and race-sex differences.

The sorption of anisole and some related aromatic ethers on the interlamellar surfaces of Cu(II) hectorite has been investigated by i.r. and e.s.r. spectroscopy. In addition to physical adsorption, anisole forms two distinct types of Cu(II) complexes which are analogous to the type I and II species previously reported for benzene-Cu(II) smectite systems. These complexes can be transformed to type I and II complexes of 4,4’-dimethoxybiphenyl. Possible mechanisms are proposed for the oxidation process. Butyl phenyl ether formed a type II complex with Cu(II)-hectorite, but no dimerization reaction was noted in this system. Phenyl ether and benzyl methyl ether form a type I π complex with Cu(II)-hectorite. No type II analog was noted. E.S.R. spectra of each of the type II ether-Cu(II)-hectorite systems showed a single, narrow band with g near the value expected for a “free spinning” electron. The type I phenyl ether and benzyl methyl ether complexes also exhibited this e.s.r. band. Ag(I) hectorite adsorbs anisole by forming exclusively a type I complex. Na(I) and Co(II) hectorite adsorb anisole by physical means only, indicating association with the silicate surface.

A reliable method, utilizing a fluoride ion-selective electrode, is described for the determination of fluoride in clays and shales. Interference by aluminum and iron is minimal. The reproducibility of the method is about ±5% at different levels of fluoride concentration.

Data are presented for various clay minerals and for the <2-µm fractions of marine and nonmarine clays and shales. Fluoride values range from 44 ppm (0.0044%) for nontronite from Colfax, WA, to 51,800 ppm (5.18%) for hectorite from Hector, CA. In general, clays formed under hydrothermal conditions are relatively high in fluoride content, provided the hydrothermal waters are high in fluoride content. Besides hectorite, dickite from Ouray, CO, was found to contain more than 50 times as much fluoride (6700 ppm) as highly crystalline geode kaolinite (125 ppm). The clay stratum immediately overlying a fluorite mineralized zone in southern Illinois was found to have a higher fluoride content than the same stratum in a nonmineralized zone approximately 1 mile away. Nonmarine shales in contact with Australian coals were found to be lower in fluoride content than were marine shales in contact with Illinois coals.

It is believed that, in certain instances, peak shifts on DTA curves of similar clay minerals are the result of significant differences in their fluoride content.

As the federal government continues to expand upon and improve its data sharing policies over the past 20 years, complex challenges remain. Our interviews with U.S. academic genetic researchers (n=23) found that the burden, translation, industry limitations, and consent structure of data sharing remain major governance challenges.

Background: Previous research demonstrates that for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) cases, rapid endovascular therapy (EVT) performance improves outcomes. This study provides updated metrics summarizing estimates for modified Rankin Scale (mRS) gains accrued by streamlining time to EVT. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis (MA) was conducted using electronic databases. Eligible studies reported time-benefit slope with times from AIS onset (or time last-seen-normal) to EVT commencement; the predictor was onset-to-groin (OTG) time. Primary and secondary outcomes were 90-day functional independence (mRS 0-2) and 90-day excellent function (mRS 0-1), respectively. Results: The five included studies showed increased chance of good outcome with each hour of pre-EVT time savings for mRS 0-2 for 0-270’ (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.16-1.35, I2 40%) and 271-360’ time frame (1.22, 95% CI 1.12-1.33, I2 58%). For studies assessing mRS 0-1, pooled effect estimates were appropriate for the 0-270’ time frame (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.19-1.51, I2 27%) and the 271-360’ time frame (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.03-1.38, I2 60%). Conclusions: Each hour saved from AIS onset to EVT start is associated with a 22-25% increased odds of functional independence, a useful metric to inform patient-specific and systems planning decisions.

We present radio observations of the galaxy cluster Abell S1136 at 888 MHz, using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder radio telescope, as part of the Evolutionary Map of the Universe Early Science program. We compare these findings with data from the Murchison Widefield Array, XMM-Newton, the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the Digitised Sky Survey, and the Australia Telescope Compact Array. Our analysis shows the X-ray and radio emission in Abell S1136 are closely aligned and centered on the Brightest Cluster Galaxy, while the X-ray temperature profile shows a relaxed cluster with no evidence of a cool core. We find that the diffuse radio emission in the centre of the cluster shows more structure than seen in previous low-resolution observations of this source, which appeared formerly as an amorphous radio blob, similar in appearance to a radio halo; our observations show the diffuse emission in the Abell S1136 galaxy cluster contains three narrow filamentary structures visible at 888 MHz, between $\sim$80 and 140 kpc in length; however, the properties of the diffuse emission do not fully match that of a radio (mini-)halo or (fossil) tailed radio source.

Barnyardgrass and other troublesome weeds have become a major problem for producers in a flooded rice system. Cultural control options and more efficient herbicide applications have become a priority to increase efficiency and weed control in rice. This study aimed to determine the effects of row width and nozzle selection on spray coverage and weed control in a flooded rice system. A field experiment was conducted at 7 site-years (Lonoke, AR, in 2021 and 2022; Pine Tree, AR, in 2021 and 2022; Rohwer, AR, in 2022; and Stoneville, MS, in 2021 and 2022) as a randomized complete block split-plot design. Five nozzles (XR, AIXR, TTI, TTI60, and AITTJ60) (subplot factor) were used for herbicide applications, and plots were drill-seeded in four row widths (whole plot factor) (13, 19, 25, and 38 cm). A droplet size experiment was conducted to evaluate the droplet size and velocity of each nozzle type used in the field experiment. Overall, as row width increased, barnyardgrass density increased. The rice grown in a wider width took longer to generate canopy closure, allowing weed escapes in the crop. For example, the 13-cm width had a 12 percentage point canopy coverage increase compared to the 38-cm row width at the preflood timing resulting in a reduction of six barnyardgrass plants per square meter. The smallest droplet size-producing nozzle (XR) provided greater weed control throughout the study but is more prone to drift. The dual-fan nozzles (AITTJ60 and TTI60) had variable weed control impacts, and it was difficult to predict when this might occur; however, they did have increased deposits on water-sensitive cards compared to single-fan counterparts (AIXR and TTI). In conclusion, a narrower row width (e.g., 19-cm or less) and a smaller droplet size producing nozzle (XR) are optimal for barnyardgrass control in a flooded rice system.