Dot array deposition through electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing is widely used for high resolution and material utilization advantages. However, the conventional printing method is subject to a printing frequency limit known as the capillary frequency of the meniscus oscillation, where the jet directly contacts the substrate. This makes the printing frequency of EHD printing maintain at a low level and that is difficult to improve. In this work, a method for high-frequency EHD printing through continuous pinch-off is proposed. The characteristic frequency is broken through. A model is established to reveal the printing mechanism by combining the Poisson–Nernst–Planck equation and the phase field method. The unreal charge leakage is prevented by constructing a transition function for the fluid’s properties. The stability of the Taylor cone’s deformation and the droplets’ generation is studied. The measurement criterion for printing frequency is determined. The suitable printing height that can prevent the jet from directly contacting the substrate is obtained by investigating its influence on the printing states and frequency. The phase diagram considering the liquid’s conductivity and viscosity is presented to distinguish whether the printing is based on the end-pinching or Rayleigh–Plateau instability. The influence of the conductivity, viscosity, flow rate and printing voltage on the printing frequencies is studied quantitatively. Finally, scaling laws for printing frequency are proposed by theoretical analyses and summarizing the numerical data. This work could be beneficial for further enhancing the printing frequency of EHD printing.

The high comorbidity of major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety disorders (ANX), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) complicates the study of their structural neural correlates, particularly in white matter (WM) alterations. Using fractional anisotropy (FA), this meta-analysis aimed to identify both unique and shared WM characteristics for these disorders by comparing them with healthy controls (HC). The aggregated sample size across studies includes 3,661 individuals diagnosed with MDD, ANX, or PTSD and 3,140 HC participants. The whole-brain analysis revealed significant FA reductions in the corpus callosum (CC) across MDD, ANX, and PTSD, suggesting a common neurostructural alteration underlying these disorders. Further pairwise comparisons highlighted disorder-specific differences: MDD patients showed reduced FA in the middle cerebellar peduncles and bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus II relative to ANX patients and decreased FA in the CC extending to the left anterior thalamic projections (ATPs) when compared with PTSD. In contrast, PTSD patients exhibited reduced FA in the right ATPs compared to HC. No significant FA differences were observed between ANX and PTSD or between ANX and HC. These findings provide evidence for both shared and unique WM alterations in MDD, ANX, and PTSD, reflecting the neural underpinnings of the clinical characteristics that distinguish these disorders.

The extracellular matrices, such as the haemolymph, in insects are at the centre of most physiological processes and are protected from oxidative stress by the extracellular antioxidant enzymes. In this study, we identified two secreted superoxide dismutase genes (PxSOD3 and PxSOD5) and investigated the oxidative stress induced by chlorpyrifos (CPF) in the aquatic insect Protohermes xanthodes (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). PxSOD3 and PxSOD5 contain the signal peptides at the N-terminus. Structure analysis revealed that PxSOD3 and PxSOD5 contain the conserved CuZn-SOD domain, which is mainly composed of β-sheets and has conserved copper and zinc binding sites. Both PxSOD3 and PxSOD5 are predicted to be soluble proteins located in the extracellular space. After exposure to different concentrations of sublethal CPF, MDA content in P. xanthodes larvae were increased in a dose-dependent manner; SOD and CAT activities were also higher in CPF-treated groups than that in the no CPF control, indicating that sublethal CPF induces oxidative stress in P. xanthodes larvae. Furthermore, PxSOD3 and PxSOD5 expression levels and haemolymph SOD activity in the larvae were downregulated by sublethal CPF at different concentrations. Our results suggest that the PxSOD3 and PxSOD5 are putative extracellular antioxidant enzymes that may play a role in maintaining the oxidative balance in the extracellular space. Sublethal CPF may induce oxidative stress in the extracellular space of P. xanthodes by reducing the gene expression and catalytic activity of extracellular SODs.

Emission line galaxies (ELGs) are crucial for cosmological studies, particularly in understanding the large-scale structure of the Universe and the role of dark energy. ELGs form an essential component of the target catalogue for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), a major astronomical survey. However, the accurate selection of ELGs for such surveys is challenging due to the inherent uncertainties in determining their redshifts with photometric data. In order to improve the accuracy of photometric redshift estimation for ELGs, we propose a novel approach CNN–MLP that combines convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with multilayer perceptrons (MLPs). This approach integrates both images and photometric data derived from the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys Data Release 10. By leveraging the complementary strengths of CNNs (for image data processing) and MLPs (for photometric feature integration), the CNN–MLP model achieves a $\sigma_{\mathrm{NMAD}}$ (normalised median absolute deviation) of 0.0140 and an outlier fraction of 2.57%. Compared to other models, CNN–MLP demonstrates a significant improvement in the accuracy of ELG photometric redshift estimation, which directly benefits the target selection process for DESI. In addition, we explore the photometric redshifts of different galaxy types (Starforming, Starburst, AGN, and Broadline). Furthermore, this approach will contribute to more reliable photometric redshift estimation in ongoing and future large-scale sky surveys (e.g. LSST, CSST, and Euclid), enhancing the overall efficiency of cosmological research and galaxy surveys.

Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a destructive monophagous pest of mulberry, Morus Linnaeus (Moraceae), trees. In order to identify mulberry cultivars resistant to G. pyloalis, 12 cultivars were examined using field and in vitro testing. Field observations indicated that cultivars AlbapC, BombyL, LaeviT, and CathaB had less than 10.0% damage, with no observed damage on the CathaB cultivar. The life table parameters showed that CathaB cultivar had the longest larval and pupal duration (23.2 days in total), the shortest adult period (5.3 days), the lowest rates of both pupation (55.0%) and adult emergence (69.7%), the highest adult mortality (61.7%), the lowest average weight of pupae (30.4 mg), and the lowest daily oviposition (5.0 eggs/female/day). The larval performance of G. pyloalis in the field revealed that CathaB had the lowest larval density. Correlation analyses confirmed that significant correlations exist between all the performance parameters of G. pyloalis for both the observed damage and larval performance. Leaf characterisation of selected cultivars indicated CathaB had significantly higher values of leaf wax, trichome density, soluble glucose, and protein contents compared to MultiQ. This study would be a valuable reference for evaluating pest-resistant cultivars and establishing a theoretical foundation for managing G. pyloalis.

The proposed Thermal Sidewall Ice Corer (TSIC) is designed to accurately sample horizontal ice layers of scientific interest, such as tephra layers, basal ice and shear zones, and retrieve ice cores back to the surface. The system features a bending core barrel with a thermal coring head, which bends as it extends from the drill body, enabling it to penetrate horizontal interlayers while maintaining a horizontal position until the ice core is extracted. The bending core barrel is driven by screw pairs, powered by a motor, to apply drilling load and pulling force. As the barrel bends, the ice cores are broken inside and transported to the surface along with the drill via a winch. A camera system has been incorporated into the TSIC to precisely locate the target layer. The corer is suitable for ice boreholes with diameters ranging from 135 to 170 mm, capable of retrieving ice cores with a diameter of 20–30 mm, and achieving a maximum penetration rate of 2 m h−1. The maximum length of ice samples that can be retrieved in a single drilling run is 500 mm. The coring performance for horizontal sampling has been validated through the development and testing of a prototype in the laboratory.

Dietary intervention is a key strategy for preventing and managing chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, evidence on specific foods’ effects on CKD is limited. This study aims to clarify the impact of various foods on CKD risk. We used two-sample Mendelian randomisation to analyse the causal relationships between the intake of eighteen foods (e.g., cheese, processed meat, poultry, beef and non-oily fish) and CKD risk, as well as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)cr and eGFRcys levels. The inverse variance weighting method, weighted median method, MR-Egger regression, simple mode and weighted mode were employed. The sensitivity analysis included Cochran’s Q test and the Egger intercept test. According to the main method, the IVM results indicated that frequent alcohol intake was linked to higher CKD risk (P= 0·007, 0·048). Protective factors included cheese (OR = 0·71, (95 % CI: 0·53, 0·94), P= 0·017), tea (OR = 0·66, (95 % CI: 0·43, 1·00), P= 0·048) and dried fruit (OR = 0·78, (95 % CI: 0·63, 0·98), P= 0·033). Oily fish (β = 0·051, (95 % CI: 0·001, 0·102), P= 0·046) and dried fruit (β = 0·082, (95 % CI: 0·016, 0·149), P= 0·014) were associated with elevated eGFRcys. Salad/raw vegetables (β = 0·024, (95 % CI: 0·003, 0·045), P= 0·028) and dried fruit (β = 0·013, (95 % CI: 0·001, 0·031), P= 0·014) were linked to higher eGFRcr, while cereal intake (β = –0·021, (95 % CI: −0·033, −0·010), P < 0·001) was associated with lower eGFRcr. These findings provide insights for optimising dietary strategies for CKD patients.

This paper provides an overview of the current status of ultrafast and ultra-intense lasers with peak powers exceeding 100 TW and examines the research activities in high-energy-density physics within China. Currently, 10 high-intensity lasers with powers over 100 TW are operational, and about 10 additional lasers are being constructed at various institutes and universities. These facilities operate either independently or are combined with one another, thereby offering substantial support for both Chinese and international research and development efforts in high-energy-density physics.

This paper introduces an equivalent series mechanism model to improve ankle rehabilitation robots’ ability to recurrence the complex movements of the anthropo-ankle and enhance human-machine locomotion compatibility. The model emulates the true anatomical architecture of the ankle joint and is integrated with a parallel rehabilitative mechanism. The rehabilitative robot includes dual virtual motion centers to mimic the ankle joint’s intricate motion, accommodate individual patient variations, and address the rehabilitation requirements of both right and left feet. Firstly, a serial equivalence model of anthropo-ankle is developed based on the kinematic and anatomical characteristics of the human ankle. The type design for the 4-degree of freedom (4-DOF) parallel ankle rehabilitative robot is then conducted on the basis of the kinematical and restrictive properties of the anthropo-ankle equivalence kinematic model. Secondly, the mechanism’s motion properties allow it to be equivalent to a series branch chain, enabling the establishment of an inverse kinematics model. The kinematical performance of the mechanisms is analyzed using the transmissibility and constrainability indices, followed by workspace analysis and dimensional optimization of the rehabilitative mechanism. Finally, a human-machine coupled rehabilitative simulation model is developed using OpenSim biomechanics software to evaluate the recovery effect.

Barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.] is a dominant weed species occurring in rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields across China. Metamifop, a common herbicide, is frequently applied to control E. crus-galli and other grassy weeds in rice fields. Herein, HS01, an E. crus-galli population suspected to be resistant (R) to metamifop, was collected from Hanshan County in Anhui Province, China. Whole-plant dose–response testing revealed that, compared with the susceptible (S) population FD03, HS01 had developed high-level resistance to metamifop with a resistance index (RI) of 11.76 and showed cross-resistance to cyhalofop-butyl (RI = 9.33), fenoxaprop-P-ethyl (RI = 5.80) and clethodim (RI = 3.24). Gene sequencing revealed a Cys-2088-Arg mutation in the ACCase 1,5 allele of all the R plants, while ACCase gene overexpression was not involved in the resistance. Molecular docking indicated that the less-negative binding energies might be the main reason for the resistance of HS01 to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides. A derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) method was developed for the rapid identification of the Cys-to-Arg mutation in the ACCase gene at codon position 2088 in E. crus-galli. Additionally, pretreatment with the cytochrome P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide or the glutathione S-transferase inhibitor 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzoxadiazole had no significant effects (P > 0.05) on the resistance of HS01 to metamifop. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a Cys-2088-Arg mutation in E. crus-galli ACCase that confers cross-resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides.

Broadband frequency-tripling pulses with high energy are attractive for scientific research, such as inertial confinement fusion, but are difficult to scale up. Third-harmonic generation via nonlinear frequency conversion, however, remains a trade-off between bandwidth and conversion efficiency. Based on gradient deuterium deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDxH2-xPO4, DKDP) crystal, here we report the generation of frequency-tripling pulses by rapid adiabatic passage with a low-coherence laser driver facility. The efficiency dependence on the phase-matching angle in a Type-II configuration is studied. We attained an output at 352 nm with a bandwidth of 4.4 THz and an efficiency of 36%. These results, to the best of our knowledge, represent the first experimental demonstration of gradient deuterium DKDP crystal in obtaining frequency-tripling pulses. Our research paves a new way for developing high-efficiency, large-bandwidth frequency-tripling technology.

The dual route cascaded (DRC) model proposes that the mapping from orthography to phonology occurs through two pathways: the sublexical and lexical routes. Cross-linguistic studies have found that Chinese character reading relies more on the lexical pathway, whereas English word reading relies more on the sublexical pathway. However, it remains unclear how these two pathways collaborate in the L2 word reading of Chinese–English bilinguals and whether their reading strategies are influenced by L2 proficiency. In the current study, 72 Chinese–English bilinguals with varying levels of L2 proficiency were tested. They were asked to name English words that varied in frequency and spelling-sound consistency. The results showed that participants with lower L2 proficiency were more sensitive to frequency, indicating a greater reliance on lexical processing in L2 word reading. In contrast, participants with higher L2 proficiency were more sensitive to consistency, suggesting a greater reliance on sublexical processing. These findings suggest that L2 word reading strategies vary as a function of L2 proficiency. As L2 proficiency increases, Chinese–English bilinguals’ reading strategies may shift from primarily relying on lexical to sublexical processing. This study provides evidence from L2 readers for the DRC model, helping to broaden the explanatory scope of the model.

Time-domain characterization of ultrashort pulses is essential for studying interactions between light and matter. Here, we propose and demonstrate an all-optical pulse sampling technique based on reflected four-wave mixing with perturbation on a solid surface. In this method, a weak perturbation pulse perturbs the four-wave mixing signal generated by a strong fundamental pulse. The modulation signal of the four-wave mixing, which is detected in the reflection geometry to ensure a perfect phase-matching condition, directly reflects the temporal profile of the perturbation pulse. We successfully characterized multi-cycle and few-cycle pulses using this method. The reliability of our approach was verified by comparing it to the widely employed frequency-resolved optical gating method. This technique provides a simple and robust method for characterizing ultrashort laser pulses.

This study examined the sour grapes/sweet lemons rationalization through 2 conditions: ‘attainable’ (sweet lemons) and ‘unattainable’ (sour grapes), reflecting China’s 2019-nCoV vaccination strategy. The aim was to find ways to change people’s beliefs and preferences regarding vaccines by easing their safety concerns and encouraging more willingness to get vaccinated. An online survey was conducted from January 22 to 27, 2021, with 3,123 residents across 30 provinces and municipalities in the Chinese mainland. The direction of belief and preference changed in line with the sour grapes/sweet lemons rationalization. Using hypothetical and real contrasts, we compared those for whom the vaccine was relatively unattainable (‘sour grapes’ condition) with those who could get the vaccine easily (‘sweet lemons’). Whether the vaccine was attainable was determined in the early stage of the vaccine roll-out by membership in a select group of workers that was supposed to be vaccinated to the greatest extent possible, or, by being in the second stage when the vaccine was available to all. The attainable conditions demonstrated higher evaluation in vaccine safety, higher willingness to be vaccinated, and lower willingness to wait and see. Hence, we propose that the manipulation of vaccine attainability, which formed the basis of the application of sour grapes/sweet lemons rationalization, can be utilized as a means to manipulate the choice architecture to nudge individuals to ease vaccine safety concerns, reducing wait-and-see tendencies, and enhancing vaccination willingness. This approach can expedite universal vaccination and its associated benefits in future scenarios resembling the 2019-nCoV vaccine rollout.

The material removal rate (MRR) serves as a crucial indicator in the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process of semiconductor wafers. Currently, the mainstream method to ascertain the MRR through offline measurements proves time inefficient and struggles to represent process variability accurately. An efficient MRR prediction model based on stacking ensemble learning that integrates models with disparate architectures was proposed in this study. First, the processing signals collected during wafer polishing, as available in the PHM2016 dataset, were analyzed and preprocessed to extract statistical and neighbor domain features. Subsequently, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis (PCCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed to fuse the extracted features. Ultimately, random forest (RF), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), and backpropagation neural network (BPNN) with hyperparameters optimized by the Bayesian Optimization Algorithm were integrated to establish an MRR prediction model based on stacking ensemble learning. The developed model was verified on the PHM2016 benchmark test set, and a Mean Square Error (MSE) of 7.72 and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 95.82% were achieved. This indicates that the stacking ensemble learning based model, integrated with base models of disparate architectures, offers considerable potential for real-time MRR prediction in the CMP process of semiconductor wafers.