The interaction of helminth infections with type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been a major area of research in the past few years. This paper, therefore, focuses on the systematic review of the effects of helminthic infections on metabolism and immune regulation related to T2D, with mechanisms through which both direct and indirect effects are mediated. Specifically, the possible therapeutic role of helminths in T2D management, probably mediated through the modulation of host metabolic pathways and immune responses, is of special interest. This paper discusses the current possibilities for translating helminth therapy from basic laboratory research to clinical application, as well as existing and future challenges. Although preliminary studies suggest the potential for helminth therapy for T2D patients, their safety and efficacy still need to be confirmed by larger-scale clinical studies.

A novel entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species, Steinernema tarimense n. sp., was isolated from soil samples collected in a Populus euphratica forest located in Yuli County within the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang, China. Integrated morphological and molecular analyses consistently place S. tarimense n. sp. within the ‘kushidai-clade’. The infective juvenile (IJ) of new species is characterized by a body length of 674–1010 μm, excretory pore located 53–80 μm from anterior end, nerve ring positioned 85–131 μm from anterior end, pharynx base situated 111–162 μm from anterior end, a tail length of 41–56 μm, and the ratios D% = 42.0–66.6, E% = 116.2–184.4, and H% = 25.5–45.1. The first-generation male of the new species is characterized by a curved spicule length of 61–89 μm, gubernaculum length of 41–58 μm, and ratios D% = 36.8–66.2, SW% = 117.0–206.1, and GS% = 54.8–82.0. Additionally, the tail of first-generation female is conoid with a minute mucron. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS, 28S, and mt12S sequences demonstrated that the three isolates of S. tarimense n. sp. are conspecific and form a sister clade to members of the ‘kushidai-clade’ including S. akhursti, S. anantnagense, S. kushidai, and S. populi. Notably, the IJs of the new species exhibited faster development at 25°C compared to other Steinernema species. This represents the first described of an indigenous EPN species from Xinjiang, suggesting its potential as a novel biocontrol agent against local pests.

This paper studies the adaptive distributed consensus tracking control framework for hypersonic gliding vehicles (HGVs) flying in tight formation. The system investigated in this paper is non-affine and subjected to multisource disturbances and mismatched uncertainties caused by a dramatically changing environment. Firstly, by refining the primary factors in the three-dimensional cluster dynamics, a non-affine closed-loop control system is summarised. Note that actual control is coupled with states, an additional auxiliary differential equation is developed to introduce additional affine control inputs. Furthermore, by employing the hyperbolic tangent function and disturbance boundary estimator, time-varying multisource disturbances can be handled. Several radial base function neural networks (RBFNNs) are utilised to approximate unknown nonlinearities. Furthermore, a generalised equatorial coordinate system is proposed to convert the longitudinal, lateral and vertical relative distances in the desired formation configuration into first-order consensus tracking error, such as latitude, longitude and height deviations. Analysis based on the Lyapunov function illustrates that variables are globally uniformly bounded, and the output tracking error of followers exponentially converges to a small neighbourhood. Finally, numerical simulations of equilibrium glide and spiral diving manoeuvers are provided to demonstrate the validity and practicability of the proposed approach.

With numerous applications of coilable masts in high-precision space application scenarios, there are also greater demands on the accuracy of their dynamic modelling and analysis. The modelling of hinges is a critical issue in the dynamic modelling of coilable masts, which significantly affects the accuracy of the dynamic response analysis. For coilable masts, the rotational effect is the most important problem in hinge modelling. However, few studies have focused on this topic. To address this problem, the concept of hinge equivalent rotational stiffness is proposed in this paper to describe the rotational effect of the coilable mast hinges. After that, a new coilable mast dynamic model containing the undetermined hinge equivalent rotational stiffness is introduced, and an identification method for the hinge equivalent rotational stiffness based on the hammer test is proposed. Finally, the dynamic modelling method is validated through an actual coilable mast example, and the analysis and test results show that the accuracy of the dynamic model established by the proposed method in this paper is greater than that of the traditional model.

Neuropsychological disorders, including anxiety, depression, and dementia, are significant public health problems among older adults. While psychotropics are effective treatments, long-term treatment often has adverse side effects(1). Many patients often seek healthy food consumption as an alternative preventive strategy. Dietary fibre has been suggested for many health benefits, including cardiometabolic health and anti-inflammation, which may influence neurological health through the gut-brain axis(2). However, fibre’s role in neuropsychological health outcomes in older people is unclear. This study examined the potential role of dietary fibre intake and consumption of fibre-rich foods in neurological health outcomes in older Australians. We utilised data from the Ageing Study (MAS) of 1,037 participants aged 70–90(3). At baseline, dietary fibre, whole grains, fresh fruit, vegetables, and nuts and legumes consumption was estimated using the Cancer Council of Victoria food frequency questionnaire. The intake amount was further derived into tertiles (T), with T1 in the lower 33rd%tile and T3 in the upper 33rd%tile. Depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale), anxiety symptoms (Goldberg Anxiety Scale), and psychological distress (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale) were assessed. Linear regression models were used to estimate beta coefficients for the associations cross-sectionally. Incident dementia was defined using diagnostic criteria, clinical assessments, and a consensus panel review. Nine hundred and sixty-three participants were followed up from the baseline (2005) until wave 4 (2011) [median: 5.8 (IQR: 3.1–5.9) years; 97 incident cases). Incident depression was defined as diagnoses by healthcare professionals and treatments for depression. Eight hundred and nine participants were followed up from the baseline (2005) until wave 3 (2009) [median: 3.9 (IQR: 1.9–4.0) years; 109 incident cases). Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (95% CIs). All models were adjusted for demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and health history. Among 963 participants (mean age: 78.5; 5.8% females) in the cross-sectional analysis, compared with T1, higher vegetable intake was associated with fewer depressive symptoms (T2: β = 0.52; T3: β= −0.53; both p < 0.05), psychological distress (T2: β = −0.59; T3: β = −1.13; both p < 0.05), and anxiety symptoms (T3: β = −0.37; p = 0.03). Combined intake of vegetables and fruit was inversely associated with fewer psychological distress symptoms (T2: β = −0.55; p = 0.06; T3: β = −1.3; p < 0.05). In the highest tertile, dietary fibre was associated with fewer depressive symptoms (T3: β = −0.47; p = 0.04). In the longitudinal analysis, dietary fibre intake was associated with a 43–56% lower risk of incident dementia (T2 vs T1: adj.HR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.31–1.03; T3 vs T1: adj.HR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.19–1.01). Intakes of whole grains, fruit, nuts and legumes were not associated with the outcomes assessed. In a cohort of older Australians, dietary fibre intake appeared to be protective in reducing depressive symptoms cross-sectionally and the risk of incident dementia longitudinally. Additionally, vegetable consumption was associated with fewer symptoms related to depression, anxiety, and distress cross-sectionally.

Aircraft tyres play a critical role in ensuring the safety of aircraft landings. This paper introduces a novel multi-scale analytical method for evaluating tyre impact performance, explicitly studying the effect of damage defects in the manufacturing and service process on tyre landing dynamic performance. Building on this approach, a numerical simulation of aircraft tyre static and impact load scenarios was conducted, followed by experimental validation. The study systematically compares and analyses the effects of void volume fraction, cord volume fraction and material scale factor on the maximum impact force experienced by aircraft tyre. The variations in maximum impact force arising from changes in tyre structural strength, and deformation can be explained by specific parameters. The findings of this research have significant implications for tyre design and engineering, as well as for enhancing the understanding of the factors that influence tyre performance and safety.

Rogue waves (RWs) can form on the ocean surface due to the well-known quasi-four-wave resonant interaction or superposition principle. The first is known as the nonlinear focusing mechanism and leads to an increased probability of RWs when unidirectionality and narrowband energy of the wave field are satisfied. This work delves into the dynamics of extreme wave focusing in crossing seas, revealing a distinct type of nonlinear RWs, characterised by a decisive longevity compared with those generated by the dispersive focusing (superposition) mechanism. In fact, through fully nonlinear hydrodynamic numerical simulations, we show that the interactions between two crossing unidirectional wave beams can trigger fully localised and robust development of RWs. These coherent structures, characterised by a typical spectral broadening then spreading in the form of dual bimodality and recurrent wave group focusing, not only defy the weakening expectation of quasi-four-wave resonant interaction in directionally spreading wave fields, but also differ from classical focusing mechanisms already mentioned. This has been determined following a rigorous lifespan-based statistical analysis of extreme wave events in our fully nonlinear simulations. Utilising the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger framework, we also show that such intrinsic focusing dynamics can be captured by weakly nonlinear wave evolution equations. This opens new research avenues for further explorations of these complex and intriguing wave phenomena in hydrodynamics as well as other nonlinear and dispersive multi-wave systems.

In this retrospective study examining the treatment of low-risk AmpC-producing Enterobacterales bacteremia during two periods with different microbiology reporting strategies, reporting of ceftriaxone susceptibility was associated with a statistically significant decrease in carbapenem use as definitive therapy compared to when susceptibility was suppressed (21 vs 50%, p < 0.0001).

Species of the genus Corynosoma (Acanthocephala: Polymorphida) mainly parasitize marine mammals and rarely marine birds, and are of veterinary and medical importance due to causing corynosomiasis in wildlife and humans. However, the current knowledge of the mitochondrial genomes and mitogenomic phylogeny of this group remains very insufficient. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genomes of C. bullosum (von Linstow, 1892) and C. evae Zdzitowiecki, 1984 were sequenced and annotated for the first time. Both mitogenomes comprise 12 protein-coding genes (missing atp8), 22 tRNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNAs (rrnS and rrnL), plus 2 non-coding regions (NCR1 and NCR2). Corynosoma bullosum has the largest mitogenome (14,879 bp) of any polymorphid species reported so far, while C. evae has the smallest (13,947 bp), except for Sphaerirostris lanceoides (Petrochenko, 1949). Comparative mitogenomic analysis also revealed the presence of distinct discrepancies in A + T content and gene rearrangement across the families Polymorphidae, Centrorhynchidae, and Plagiorhynchidae. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 protein-coding genes strongly supported the monophyly of the order Polymorphida and a close affinity between the families Polymorphidae and Centrorhynchidae in Polymorphida. The present mitogenomic phylogeny provides additional evidence for a sister relationship between the genera Corynosoma and Bolbosoma and demonstrated that C. evae has a closer relationship with C. villosum than C. bullosum in the genus Corynosoma.

As avionics systems become increasingly complex, traditional fault prediction methods are no longer sufficient to meet modern demands. This paper introduces four advanced fault prediction methods for avionics components, utilising a multi-step prediction strategy combined with a stacking regressor. By selecting various standard regression models as base regressors, these base regressors are first trained on the original data, and their predictions are subsequently used as input features for training a meta-regressor. Additionally, the Tree-structured Parzen Estimator (TPE) algorithm is employed for hyperparameter optimisation. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed stacking regression methods exhibit superior accuracy in fault prediction compared to traditional single-model approaches.

Interlaminar delamination damage is a common and typical defect in the context of structural damage in carbon fiber-reinforced resin matrix composites. The technology to identify such damage is crucial for improving the safety and reliability of structures. In this paper, we fabricated carbon fiber-reinforced composite laminates with different degrees of delamination damage, conducted static load experiments on them and used femtosecond fiber Bragg grating sensors (fsFBG) to determine their structural state to investigate the effects of delamination damage on their performance. We constructed a model to identify damage based on the deep residual shrinkage network, and used experimental data to enable it to identify varying degrees of delamination damage to carbon fiber-reinforced composites with an accuracy of 97.98%.

This paper develops a novel full-state-constrained intelligent adaptive control (FIAC) scheme for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems under full state constraints, unmodeled dynamics and external disturbances. The key point of the proposed scheme is to appropriately suppress and compensate for unmodeled dynamics that are coupled with other states of the system under the conditions of various disturbances and full state constraints. Firstly, to guarantee that the time-varying asymmetric full state constraints are obeyed, a simple and valid nonlinear error transformation method has been proposed, which can simplify the constrained control problem of the system states into a bounded control problem of the transformed states. Secondly, considering the coupling relationship between the unmodeled dynamics and other states of the controlled system such as system states and control inputs, a decoupling approach for coupling uncertainties is introduced. Thereafter, owing to the employed dynamic signal and bias radial basis function neural network (BIAS-RBFNN) improved on traditional RBFNN, the adverse effects of unmodeled dynamics on the controlled system can be suppressed appropriately. Furthermore, the matched and mismatched disturbances are reasonably estimated and circumvented by a mathematical inequality and a disturbance observer, respectively. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FIAC strategy.

Three new species of Gyrodactylus were identified from the body surface of the Triplophysa species from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Gyrodactylus triplorienchili n. sp. on Triplophysa orientalis in northern Tibet, G. yellochili n. sp. on T. sellaefer and T. scleroptera and G. triplsellachili n. sp. on T. sellaefer and T. robusta in Lanzhou Reach of the Yellow River. The three newly identified species share the nemachili group species’ characteristic of having inturning hamulus roots. Gyrodactylus triplorienchili n. sp. shared a quadrate sickle heel and a thin marginal hook sickle, two morphological traits that set them apart from G. yellochili n. sp. However, they may be identified by the distinct shapes of the sickle base and marginal hook sickle point. Gyrodactylus triplsellachili n. sp. had much larger opisthaptoral hard part size than the other two species. The three new species show relatively low interspecific differences of 2.9–5.3% p-distance for ITS1-5.85-ITS2 rDNA sequences. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the three new species formed a well-supported monophyletic group (bp = 99) with the other nemachili group species.

For the launch vehicle attitude control problem, traditional methods can seldom accurately identify the fault types, making the control method lack of pertinence, which largely affects the effect of attitude control. This paper proposes an active fault tolerant control strategy, which mainly includes fault diagnosis and fault tolerant control. In the fault diagnosis part, a small deviation attitude dynamics model of the launch vehicle is established, Kalman filters with different structures are designed to detect and isolate faults through residual changes, and the fault quantity of the actuator is further estimated. In the fault tolerant control part, the following control scheme is adopted according to the above diagnostic information: when the sensor fault is detected, the sensor measurement data is reconstructed; when the actuator fault is identified, the control allocation matrix is reconstructed. Simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively diagnose sensor fault and actuator faults, and significantly improve attitude tracking accuracy and control adjustment time.

Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni were tested for reactivity with an anti-inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) antibody and the distribution of iNOS was studied by immunofluorescent tests in different stages of the parasites. Reactivity was associated with the tegument in both larval schistosomes (sporocysts and cercariae) and eggs. With adult worms, the majority of the immunofluorescence was predominantly subtegumental in S. japonicum and parenchymal in S. mansoni. Fluorescence was also observed in host tissues (snails and mouse liver). In Western blots, the enzyme of S. japonicum had an apparent molecular weight of about 210 kDa. The possible role of worm and host iNOS in the parasite–host interrelation remains to be clarified.

BOUT++ turbulence simulations were performed to investigate the impact of turbulence spreading on the edge localized mode (ELM) size and divertor heat flux width $({\lambda _q})$ broadening in small ELM regimes. This study is motivated by EAST experiments. BOUT++ linear simulations of a pedestal radial electric field (Er) scan show that the dominant toroidal number mode (n) shifts from high-n to low-n, with a narrow mode spectrum, and the maximum linear growth rate increases as the pedestal Er well deepens. The nonlinear simulations show that as the net E × B pedestal flow increases, the pressure fluctuation level and its inward penetration beyond the top of the pedestal both increase. This leads to a transition from small ELMs to large ELMs. Both inward and outward turbulence spreading are sensitive to the scrape-off-layer (SOL) plasma profiles. The inward turbulence spreading increases for the steep SOL profiles, leading to increasing pedestal energy loss in the small ELM regime. The SOL width $({\lambda _q})$ is significantly broadened progressing from the ELM-free to small ELM regime, due to the onset of strong radial turbulent transport. The extent of the SOL width $({\lambda _q})$ broadening depends strongly on outward turbulence spreading. The fluctuation energy intensity flux ${\varGamma _\varepsilon }$ at the separatrix can be enhanced by increasing either pedestal Er flow shear or local SOL pressure gradient. The ${\lambda _q}$ is broadened as the fluctuation energy intensity flux ${\varGamma _\varepsilon }$ at the last close flux surface (LCFS) increases. Local SOL E × B flow shear will restrain outward turbulence spreading and the associated heat flux width broadening. Operating in H-mode with small ELMs has the potential to solve two critical problems: reducing the ELM size and broadening the SOL width.

Polarized electron beam production via laser wakefield acceleration in pre-polarized plasma is investigated by particle-in-cell simulations. The evolution of the electron beam polarization is studied based on the Thomas–Bargmann–Michel–Telegdi equation for the transverse and longitudinal self-injection, and the depolarization process is found to be influenced by the injection schemes. In the case of transverse self-injection, as found typically in the bubble regime, the spin precession of the accelerated electrons is mainly influenced by the wakefield. However, in the case of longitudinal injection in the quasi-1D regime (for example, F. Y. Li et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 135002 (2013)), the direction of electron spin oscillates in the laser field. Since the electrons move around the laser axis, the net influence of the laser field is nearly zero and the contribution of the wakefield can be ignored. Finally, an ultra-short electron beam with polarization of $99\%$ can be obtained using longitudinal self-injection.