This article is dedicated to investigating limit behaviours of invariant measures with respect to delay and system parameters of 3D Navier–Stokes–Voigt equations. Firstly, the well-posedness of such a system is obtained on arbitrary open sets that satisfy the Poincaré inequality, and then a unique minimal pullback attractor is attained by using the energy equation method and asymptotic compactness property. Furthermore, we construct a family of invariant Borel probability measures, which are supported on the pullback attractors. Specifically, when the external forcing terms are periodic in time, the periodic invariant measure can be obtained. Finally, as the delay approaches zero and system parameters tend to some numbers, the limit of the invariant measure sequences for this class of equations must be the invariant measure of the corresponding limit equations.

We analyse the asymptotic dynamics of quasilinear parabolic equations when solutions may grow up (i.e. blow up in infinite time). For such models, there is a global attractor which is unbounded and the semiflow induces a nonlinear dynamics at infinity by means of a Poincaré projection. In case the dynamics at infinity is given by a semilinear equation, then it is gradient, consisting of the so-called equilibria at infinity and their corresponding heteroclinics. Moreover, the diffusion and reaction compete for the dimensionality of the induced dynamics at infinity. If the equilibria are hyperbolic, we explicitly prove the occurrence of heteroclinics between bounded equilibria and/or equilibria at infinity. These unbounded global attractors describe the space of admissible initial data at event horizons of certain black holes.

The invariant Galton–Watson (IGW) tree measures are a one-parameter family of critical Galton–Watson measures invariant with respect to a large class of tree reduction operations. Such operations include the generalized dynamical pruning (also known as hereditary reduction in a real tree setting) that eliminates descendant subtrees according to the value of an arbitrary subtree function that is monotone nondecreasing with respect to an isometry-induced partial tree order. We show that, under a mild regularity condition, the IGW measures are attractors of arbitrary critical Galton–Watson measures with respect to the generalized dynamical pruning. We also derive the distributions of height, length, and size of the IGW trees.

In this study, we consider the nonclassical diffusion equations with time-dependent memory kernels

\begin{equation*} u_{t} - \Delta u_t - \Delta u - \int_0^\infty k^{\prime}_{t}(s) \Delta u(t-s) ds + f( u) = g \end{equation*}

$\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^N,\, N\geq 3$

$\mathcal{A}=\{A_t\}_{t\in\mathbb{R}}$

$H_0^1(\Omega)\times L^2_{\mu_t}(\mathbb{R}^+,H_0^1(\Omega))$

$k_t$

$m\delta_0$

$t\to \infty$

\begin{equation*}u_{t} - \Delta u_{t} - (1+m)\Delta u + f( u) = g. \end{equation*}

$k_t(\!\cdot\!)$

In this paper, we prove the existence and regularity of pullback attractors for non-autonomous nonclassical diffusion equations with nonlocal diffusion when the nonlinear term satisfies critical exponential growth and the external force term $h \in L_{l o c}^{2}(\mathbb {R} ; H^{-1}(\Omega )).$ Under some appropriate assumptions, we establish the existence and uniqueness of the weak solution in the time-dependent space $\mathcal {H}_{t}(\Omega )$ and the existence and regularity of the pullback attractors.

This paper is concerned with the asymptotic behaviour of solutions to a class of non-autonomous stochastic nonlinear wave equations with dispersive and viscosity dissipative terms driven by operator-type noise defined on the entire space $\mathbb {R}^n$. The existence, uniqueness, time-semi-uniform compactness and asymptotically autonomous robustness of pullback random attractors are proved in $H^1(\mathbb {R}^n)\times H^1(\mathbb {R}^n)$ when the growth rate of the nonlinearity has a subcritical range, the density of the noise is suitably controllable, and the time-dependent force converges to a time-independent function in some sense. The main difficulty to establish the time-semi-uniform pullback asymptotic compactness of the solutions in $H^1(\mathbb {R}^n)\times H^1(\mathbb {R}^n)$ is caused by the lack of compact Sobolev embeddings on $\mathbb {R}^n$, as well as the weak dissipativeness of the equations is surmounted at light of the idea of uniform tail-estimates and a spectral decomposition approach. The measurability of random attractors is proved by using an argument which considers two attracting universes developed by Wang and Li (Phys. D 382: 46–57, 2018).

We prove the existence of the global attractor in ${\dot{H}}^{s}$, $s>11/12$ for the weakly damped and forced mKdV on the one-dimensional torus. The existence of global attractor below the energy space has not been known, though the global well-posedness below the energy space has been established. We directly apply the $I$-method to the damped and forced mKdV, because the Miura transformation does not work for the mKdV with damping and forcing terms. We need to make a close investigation into the trilinear estimates involving resonant frequencies, which are different from the bilinear estimates corresponding to the KdV.

We study the non-autonomously forced Burgers equation

$$u_t(x,t) + u(x,t)u_x(x,t)-u_{xx}(x,t) = f(x,t)$$

Pullback attractors with forwards unbounded behaviour are to be found in the literature, but not much is known about pullback attractors with each and every section being unbounded. In this paper, we introduce the concept of unbounded pullback attractor, for which the sections are not required to be compact. These objects are addressed in this paper in the context of a class of non-autonomous semilinear parabolic equations. The nonlinearities are assumed to be non-dissipative and, in addition, defined in such a way that the equation possesses unbounded solutions as the initial time goes to -∞, for each elapsed time. Distinct regimes for the non-autonomous term are taken into account. Namely, we address the small non-autonomous perturbation and the asymptotically autonomous cases.

In this paper the existence and uniqueness of weak and strong solutions for a non-autonomous non-local reaction–diffusion equation is proved. Furthermore, the existence of minimal pullback attractors in the L2-norm in the frameworks of universes of fixed bounded sets and those given by a tempered growth condition is established, along with some relationships between them. Finally, we prove the existence of minimal pullback attractors in the H1-norm and study relationships among these new families and those given previously in the L2 context. We also present new results in the autonomous framework that ensure the existence of global compact attractors as a particular case.

We present a new method for investigating the Lp -type pullback attractors (2 ≤ p < ∞) of a semilinear heat equation on a time-varying domain under quite general assumptions on the nonlinear and forcing terms. The existing approach does not appear applicable here as it is impossible to show the existence of a pullback absorbing set in Lp space when p is large. A new asymptotic decomposition scheme for a non-autonomous pullback attractor has been introduced. The abstract results and preliminary lemmas are also of independent interest and applicable to other systems.

Considered here is the pullback attractor of the process associated with the first initial boundary value problem for the non-autonomous semilinear degenerate parabolic equation

\begin{linenomath}u_t-\text{div}(\sigma(x)\nabla u)+f(u)=g(x,t)\end{linenomath}

$D_0^2(\Omega,\sigma)$

We show that the flow generated by the totally competitive planar Lotka–Volterra equations deforms the line connecting the two axial equilibria into convex or concave curves, and that these curves remain convex or concave for all subsequent time. We apply the observation to provide an alternative proof to that given by Tineo in 2001 that the carrying simplex, the globally attracting invariant manifold that joins the axial equilibria, is either convex, concave or a straight-line segment.

In this paper, using the asymptotic a priori estimate method, we prove the existence of pullback attractors for a non-autonomous semi-linear degenerate parabolic equation in an arbitrary domain, without restriction on the growth order of the polynomial type non-linearity and with a suitable exponential growth of the external force. The obtained results improve some recent ones for the non-autonomous reaction–diffusion equations.

The existence of the global attractor of a damped forced Hirota equation in the phase space ${{H}^{1}}\left( \mathbb{R} \right)$ is proved. The main idea is to establish the so-called asymptotic compactness property of the solution operator by energy equation approach.

We consider a one-dimensional weakly damped wave equation, with a damping coefficient depending on the displacement. We prove the existence of a regular connected global attractor of finite fractal dimension for the associated dynamical system, as well as the existence of an exponential attractor.