This analysis estimates the tax incidence for leased cropland and pastureland in Oklahoma. Periodic adjustments to agricultural land taxes may lead to an incidence, a share of the property tax burden, passed on to renters as higher rental rates. This pass-through can discourage rental activity, limit renters’ access to land, and jeopardize broader agricultural development goals. There was a statistically significant increase in the incidence for cropland and pastureland renters. The combined pastureland and cropland incidence over the study period was $7.83 million, representing 22% of the total current agricultural use value assessment for the same period.

This study focuses on the national and subnational estimation of prevalence, incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) related to self-harm and suicide mortality in Iran. These indicators of disease burden were analyzed over the period from 1990 to 2021, with stratifications based on sex, age and geographic location. Additionally, the percentage change observed between 1990 and 2021 was documented. The age-standardized prevalence rate (per 100,000) of self-harm decreased from 173.92 (95% UI: 146.13–208.75) in 1990 to 131.2 (95% UI: 110.55–156.67) in 2021, reflecting a percentage change of −0.25% over the period. In terms of self-harm prevalence in 2021, males had a higher rate (137.62 per 100,000) compared to females (124.82 per 100,000). The findings of the current study revealed that, despite significant challenges such as demographic shifts, economic instability and the impacts of war, the trends in self-harm incidents and suicide mortality rates in Iran have generally been on the decline. Additionally, it was observed that suicide-related deaths were more prevalent among males when compared to females. However, when examining self-harm behaviors over previous decades, these acts appeared to be more frequent among females.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains an important public-health problem, and the COVID-19 pandemic and non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) may have altered its burden. This study aimed to provide updated CAP burden among adults in Shanghai from 2016–2023.We analysed 61,230 participants aged 20–74 years from the Shanghai Suburban Adult Cohort and Biobank. CAP episodes were ascertained via ICD codes and clinical diagnoses. We calculated incidence rates before, during, and after NPIs, conducted subgroup analyses by age, sex, comorbidity and lifestyle. We used Poisson regression to compare stages, and Cox models to identify risk factors. The Overall CAP incidence was 42.1 per 1,000 person–years (95% CI 41.3–42.8). Incidence declined during NPIs (24.2/1,000 py) and rose after NPIs (95.9/1,000 py). The inpatient-to-outpatient ratio increased to 10.1% during NPIs and fell to 5.7% post–NPI. Among those without underlying conditions, rates were 40.1, 20.1 and 73.6/1,000 py before, during and after NPIs. Incidence was higher in participants ≥60 years and in those with multiple comorbidities, especially respiratory diseases. CAP burden temporarily fell during NPIs but resurged post–NPI, notably among high–risk groups. These findings highlight the need for targeted preventive strategies and continued CAP surveillance in the post-pandemic era.

The effect of the Japanese diet on cancer incidence remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the Japanese diet and the risk of all-cause and site-specific cancer. We analysed 14-year follow-up data from the Osaki Cohort study of 25 570 Japanese men and women aged 40–79 years. The Japanese diet was evaluated using a thirty-nine-item FFQ at baseline. Based on a previous study, we used eight food items to calculate the Japanese Diet Index score: rice, miso soup, seaweed, pickles, green and yellow vegetables, seafood, green tea and beef and pork. The participants were divided into quartiles based on their Japanese Diet Index scores. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratios and 95 % CI of cancer incidence. During the mean 10·4 years of follow-up, we identified 3161 incident cases of all-cause cancer. Multivariable analysis showed that the Japanese Diet Index score was not associated with cancer incidence. In comparison with Q1 (the lowest), the multivariable hazard ratios and 95 % CI were 1·01 (0·92, 1·12) for Q2, 0·94 (0·85, 1·04) for Q3 and 1·06 (0·95, 1·18) for Q4 (the highest). Furthermore, separate analyses of nine common cancer sites demonstrated no association with the Japanese Diet Index score. The results were consistent even after a sensitivity analysis using multiple imputation. This prospective study showed that the Japanese diet was not associated with cancer incidence. The results suggest that the Japanese diet could contribute to a person’s overall health and well-being without increasing cancer risk.

Clostridiodes difficile’s epidemiology has evolved over the past decades, being recognized as an important cause of disease in the community setting. Even so, there has been heterogeneity in the reports of CA-CDI. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the epidemiologic profile of CA-CDI.

This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to PRISMA checklist and Cochrane guidelines (CRD42023451134). Literature search was performed by an experienced librarian from inception to April 2023, searching in databases like MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, CCRCC, CDSR, and ClinicalTrials. Observational studies that reported prevalence, incidence of CA-CDI, or indicators to calculate them were included. Pool analysis was performed using a binomial-normal model via the generalized linear mixed model. Subgroup analysis and publication bias were also explored. A total of 49 articles were included, obtaining a prevalence of 5% (95% CI 3–8) and an incidence of 7.53 patients (95% CI 4.45–12.74) per 100,000 person-years.

In conclusion, this meta-analysis underscores that among the included studies, the prevalence of CA-CDI stands at 5%, with an incidence rate of 7.3 cases per 100,000 person-years. Noteworthy risk factors identified include prior antibiotic exposure and age.

Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) causes invasive E. coli disease (IED), including bacteraemia and (uro)sepsis, resulting in a high disease burden, especially among older adults. This study describes the epidemiology of IED in England (2013–2017) by combining laboratory surveillance and clinical data. A total of 191 612 IED cases were identified. IED incidence increased annually by 4.4–8.2% across all ages and 2.8–7.6% among adults ≥60 years of age. When laboratory-confirmed urosepsis cases without a positive blood culture were included, IED incidence in 2017 reached 149.4/100 000 person-years among all adults and 368.4/100 000 person-years among adults ≥60 years of age. Laboratory-confirmed IED cases were identified through E. coli-positive blood samples (55.3%), other sterile site samples (26.3%), and urine samples (16.6%), with similar proportions observed among adults ≥60 years of age. IED-associated case fatality rates ranged between 11.8–13.2% among all adults and 13.1–14.7% among adults ≥60 years of age. This study reflects the findings of other published studies and demonstrates IED constitutes a major and growing global health concern disproportionately affecting the older adult population. The high case fatality rates observed despite available antibiotic treatments emphasize the growing urgency for effective intervention strategies. The burden of urosepsis due to E. coli is likely underestimated and requires additional investigation.

Communities living in African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) endemic areas of Zambia use several control strategies to protect their livestock from the devastating effects of trypanosomiasis. Several studies have reported the effectiveness of trypanosomiasis control strategies based on retrospective data. In this study, we assessed incidence rates of AAT in cattle (n = 227) using a prospective cohort study comprising 4 treatment groups, i.e., Diminazene aceturate, Isometamidium chloride, Cyfluthrin pour-on and Cypermethrin treated targets. The study was conducted in Mambwe district in Eastern Zambia between February 2019 and March 2020. The endemic prevalence of AAT for each group was determined using ITS-PCR prior to application of treatments. High endemic trypanosome pre-treatment rates were found in all Groups (Diminazene aceturate (61%), Isometamidium chloride (48%), Cyfluthrin pour-on (87%) and Cypermethrin targets (72%)). The overall apparent prevalence for the Mambwe district was 67% (152/227) and true prevalence at 95%CI was 63–71%. Once treatments were implemented, 12 monthly follow-ups were conducted. The average monthly incidence rates without standardization recorded: Diminazene aceturate (67%) Isometamidium chloride (35%), Cyfluthrin pour-on (55%) and Cypermethrin targets (61%). Incidence rates were standardized considering the endemic level of disease for each Group and the average standardized monthly incidence rate in the Diminazene aceturate Group was 7%; the Isometamidium chloride Group −13%; the Cyfluthrin Group −26%; and the Cypermethrin target Group, −17%. All Groups showed a decrease in incidence of AAT over the period of the study with the Cyfluthrin group showing to be the most effective in reducing AAT incidence in cattle.

The epidemiological and burden characteristics of nutritional deficiencies (ND) have been evolving, and it is crucial to identify geographical disparities and emerging trends. This study aimed to analyse the global, regional and national trends in the burden of ND over the past 30 years. Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database for the period 1990–2019. The study examined the incidence rates and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) of ND at various levels. Globally, the incidence rate of ND decreased from 2226·2 per 100 000 in 2019 to 2096·3 per 100 000 in the same year, indicating a decline of 5·8 %. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) was −0·21 (–0·31, −0·11). Similarly, DALY, prevalence and mortality rates of ND exhibited significant declines (AAPC = −3·21 (–3·45, −2·96), AAPC = −0·53 (–0·55, −0·51) and AAPC = −4·97 (–5·75, −4·19), respectively). The incidence rate of ND varied based on age group, sex, cause and geographical area. Moreover, a negative association was observed between incidence and the sociodemographic index. At the regional level, the South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa regions had the highest incidence rates of ND. In conclusion, the global incidence rate of ND showed a mixed pattern, while the DALY rate consistently declined. Additionally, prevalence and mortality rates of ND decreased between 1990 and 2019.

Brucellosis, a global zoonosis, is endemic in Israel. We used a national database of culture-confirmed cases (2004–2022) to analyse the trends of brucellosis. Of 2,489 unique cases, 99.8% were bacteraemic, 64% involved males, and the mean age was 30.5 years. Brucella melitensis was the dominant species (99.6%). Most cases occurred among the Arab sector (84.9%) followed by the Jewish (8.5%) and Druze (5.5%) sectors. The average annual incidence rates overall and for the Arab, Druze, and Jewish sectors were 1.6/100,000, 6.6/100,000, 5.5/100,000, and 0.18/100,000, respectively. The annual incidence rates among the Arab (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 36.4) and the Druze (IRR = 29.6) sectors were significantly higher than among the Jewish sector (p < 0.001). The highest incidence rates among the Arab sector occurred in the South District, peaking at 41.0/100,000 in 2012. The frequencies of B. melitensis isolated biotypes (biotype 1 – 69.1%, biotype 2 – 26.0%, and biotype 3 – 4.3%) differed from most Middle Eastern and European countries. A significant switch between the dominant biotypes was noted in the second half of the study period. Efforts for control and prevention should be sustained and guided by a One Health approach mindful of the differential trends and changing epidemiology.

Echinococcosis poses a significant threat to public health. The Chinese government has implemented prevention and control measures to mitigate the impact of the disease. By analyzing data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, we found that implementation of these measures has reduced the infection rate by nearly 50% between 2004 to 2022 (from 0.3975 to 0.1944 per 100,000 person-years). Nonetheless, some regions still bear a significant disease burden, and lack of detailed information limites further evaluation of the effects on both alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Our analysis supports the continuing implementation of these measures and suggests that enhanced wildlife management, case-based strategies, and surveillance systems will facilitate disease control.