To save content items to your account,
please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies.
If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account.
Find out more about saving content to .
To save content items to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org
is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings
on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part
of your Kindle email address below.
Find out more about saving to your Kindle.
Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations.
‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi.
‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
This Element explores the formal and conceptual foundations of phase space formulations of classical and quantum mechanics. It provides an overview of the core mathematical and physical content of Hamiltonian mechanics, stochastic phase space mechanics, contact Hamiltonian mechanics, and open and closed quantum mechanics on phase space. The formal material is unified via three interpretative themes relating to structured possibility spaces, Liouville's theorem and its failure, and the classical and quantum notions of open and closed systems. This Element book is intended for researchers and graduate students in the philosophy and foundations of physics with an interest in the conceptual foundations of physical theory.
The adoption of the EU Takeover Directive in 2004 was marked by significant challenges, with negotiations spanning over a decade. This book provides comprehensive analysis, practical insights, and forward-looking policy recommendations. It discusses contentious issues such as the mandatory bid rule, acting in concert, and take-over defences. It also looks at developments such as sustainability in takeovers, multiple voting rights, or new ways to structure ownership changes. It offers a clear and engaging understanding of the TOD's historical evolution, its transposition, the current institutional design of takeover authorities, conflict of law issues, and the enforcement of takeover law across the EU. And it looks at its practical impact as well as its future developments. With contributions from leading experts, international comparisons, and case studies, it is an authoritative guide to the takeover law in Europe and beyond.
This Element focuses on the role of interactive technologies in enhancing pre-service teachers' engagement with learning in online environments. It begins with a brief overview of the current state of teacher education, focusing on online teaching. This is followed by analysing the concept of engagement, underscoring its importance for pre-service teachers studying online. The Element explores various dimensions of engagement – cognitive, behavioural, affective, and other – and how interactive technologies can enhance these dimensions in online learning. A key feature of this Element is its exploration of key challenges that teacher educators and pre-service teachers encounter when using interactive technologies with practical recommendations for addressing them. The concluding section shifts the focus to the future, offering recommendations for how teacher education can use interactive technologies to 'grow' teacher educators who can engage their students. Throughout the Element, practical examples complement theoretical discussions to bridge the gap between theory and practice.
Pauline scholars have misconstrued key features of Paul's portrayal of love by arguing that Paul idealises self-sacrifice and 'altruism'. In antiquity, ideal loving behaviour was intended to construct a relationship of shared selves with shared interests; by contrast, modern ethics has rejected this notion of love and selfhood. In this study, Logan Williams explores Paul's Christology and ethics beyond the egoism-altruism dichotomy. He provides a fresh evaluation of self-giving language in Greek literature and shows that 'gave himself' is not a fixed phrase for self-sacrifice. In Galatians, for example, self-giving languages depict Jesus' love as an act of self-gifting. By re-evaluating the apostle's description of Christ's loving action, Williams demonstrates that Paul portrays Jesus' loving action as his positive participation in the condition of others. He also interrogates the ethics in Galatians and shows that Paul's love-ethics encourage the Galatians not to sacrifice themselves for others but to share themselves with others.
What impact does war have on women's well-being? War is far more likely to occur in countries where women lack equal standing in society. When those wars occur, the effects are also gendered. If gender inequality is affected by both the causes and impacts of armed conflict, we need to think about the implications of this interrelationship. Focusing on gendered political inequality, this Element takes a large-N approach to exploring whether inequality variation in states at conflict leads to variation in women's health outcomes. By linking the two processes, the authors are able to directly account for the impact of political inequality on which countries participate in civil conflict when they estimate the impact of inequality on conflict consequences, particularly those relating to women's health.
The Great Palace of Constantinople was the heart of Byzantium for almost a thousand years, serving as both a political and architectural model for Christendom and the Islamic world. Despite its historical significance, reconstructing its layout remains challenging due to the scarce amount of archaeological evidence. This Element synthesises the historical and topographical evolution of the palace, examining its architectural typologies and the role of ritual and artistic objects in representing imperial power. It also addresses key historiographical issues, such as the identification and dating of the Peristyle of the Mosaics, as well as its role in imperial ceremonies. The research is based on textual sources, archaeology, and graphic documentation, culminating in a virtual reconstruction through 3D imaging. By integrating these methodologies, this Element aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of the Great Palace, its influence, and its role as a central stage for Byzantine ceremonial and ideological expression.
How did Soviet Jews rebuild their lives after the Holocaust? How did they navigate Stalinist rule, reclaim their place in society, and seek retribution against those responsible for wartime atrocities? This study uncovers the resilience and adaptability of Soviet Jews in postwar Moldavia, a borderland where identities were fluid, loyalties were tested, and survival demanded ingenuity. Using newly accessed archives and oral histories, Diana Dumitru reveals how Jews pursued professional success, resisted discrimination, and sought vengeance on their wrongdoers. Far from passive subjects of repression, they carved out spaces for agency in an era of contradictions – between social mobility and state-imposed limitations, between the Soviet promise of equality and the rising anti-Jewish drive of the early 1950s, and between ideological control and personal ambition. In doing so, this study offers a fresh perspective on a complex, understudied chapter of 20th-century history.
Students will develop a practical understanding of data science with this hands-on textbook for introductory courses. This new edition is fully revised and updated, with numerous exercises and examples in the popular data science tool Python, a new chapter on using Python for statistical analysis, and a new chapter that demonstrates how to use Python within a range of cloud platforms. The many practice examples, drawn from real-life applications, range from small to big data and come to life in a new end-to-end project in Chapter 11. New 'Data Science in Practice' boxes highlight how concepts introduced work within an industry context and many chapters include new sections on AI and Generative AI. A suite of online material for instructors provides a strong supplement to the book, including lecture slides, solutions, additional assessment material and curriculum suggestions. Datasets and code are available for students online. This entry-level textbook is ideal for readers from a range of disciplines wishing to build a practical, working knowledge of data science.
While global financial capital is abundant, it flows into corporate investments and real estate rather than climate change actions in cities. Political will and public pressure are crucial to redirecting funds. Studies of economic impacts underestimate the costs of climate disasters, especially in cities, so they undermine political commitments while understating potential climate-related returns. The shift of corporate approaches towards incorporating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) impacts offers promise for private-sector climate investments but are recently contested. Institutional barriers remain at all levels, particularly in African cities. Since the Global North controls the world's financial markets, new means of increasing funding for the Global South are needed, especially for adaptation. Innovative financial instruments and targeted use of environmental insurance tools can upgrade underdeveloped markets and align urban climate finance with ESG frameworks. These approaches, however, require climate impact data collection, programs to improve cities' and countries' creditworthiness, and trainings. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
In March 1989, US Treasury Secretary Nicholas Brady introduced a plan enabling distressed sovereigns to restructure unsustainable debts through 'Brady bonds.' Today, growing debt vulnerabilities have prompted calls for a modern Brady Plan to facilitate sovereign debt restructurings. This Element examines the macroeconomic impact of the original Brady Plan by comparing outcomes for ten Brady countries against forty other emerging markets and developing economies. It finds that following the first Brady-led restructuring in 1990, participating countries saw reductions in public and external debt burdens, alongside output and productivity growth anchored by strong economic reforms. The analysis reveals the existence of a 'Brady multiplier,' where declines in overall debt burdens exceeded initial face-value reductions. While similar mechanisms could again deliver substantial debt stock reductions during acute solvency crises, Brady-style solutions alone would not address current challenges related to creditor coordination, domestic reform barriers, and the rise of domestic debt, among others.
Hegel famously argues that the patriarchal, bourgeois nuclear family is a rational institution worth defending. Scholars have asked what exactly to do with this seemingly outdated part of his social and political philosophy. In particular, they have wondered whether Hegel's concept of the family can accommodate changes to our understanding of what counts as a family and what constitutes family relations. In this Element, I ask whether Hegel's defense of the family can be reconciled with family abolition, the project not of reforming the family as an institution, but of radically transforming it beyond recognition. By examining the three relationships that Hegel associates with the family – brothers and sisters, husbands and wives, and parents and children – I argue that Hegel's concept of the family can be reconciled with family abolition so described. What Hegel provides is an account of the family as a site at which important goods have been discovered and eveloped, without claiming that the family as an institution is necessary for, or even ideally suited to, their continued realization. These goods are singular individuality, ethical love, and material resources.
Due to the multi-faceted nature of food – as sustenance, symbol, and commodity – diverse theoretical perspectives have been used to study it in archaeology. One of the more influential and versatile of these approaches is behavioral ecology: the study of behavioral adaptation to local environments. Behavioral ecology provides a powerful body of theory for understanding human decision-making in both the past and present. This Element reviews what behavioral ecology is, how it has been used by archaeologists to study decision-making concerning food and subsistence, how it articulates with other ecological approaches, and how it can help us to better understand sustainability in our contemporary world. The use of behavioral ecology to bridge the archaeological and the contemporary can not only explain the roots of important behavioral processes, but provide potential policy solutions to promote a more sustainable society today.
This practical book offers in-depth explorations of the pathophysiology of post-intensive care syndrome (PICS), risk factors for its development, strategies for prevention, approaches to diagnosis and management, and general principles of ICU survivorship and aftercare, accompanied by case studies and personal perspectives from survivors of critical illness and their loved ones. An international, interprofessional group of experts covers key topics, including delirium, ICU-acquired weakness, and other hazards of hospitalization; the ABCDEF bundle, ICU diaries, and family-centred care; ICU follow-up clinics and peer support programs; and comprehensive rehabilitation strategies and therapeutic interventions both in and after the hospital. Special populations, including older adults, children, those with long-COVID syndrome, and survivors of neurological injury and cardiac arrest are also discussed. The book is essential reading for physicians, nurses, and allied health professionals caring for this patient population and serves as a detailed reference to help patients with PICS better understand the condition.
Going against the grain of much of the scholarship on "the 70s," therefore, this book presents an array of reasons for claiming that American culture enjoyed a curious renaissance precisely because its shortcomings were most apparent. The activism and radicalism of the "other America" resonated abroad and picked up admirers along the way, even if these (often youthful) admirers were not the standard "publics" sought out by public diplomacy campaigns. The book explores this environment along two tracks which give organizing shape to our narrative. Firstly, the problems of projection. How did American cultural and information officials approach their work in the new 1970s era of "fear, uncertainty, and doubt"? Secondly, the encounters at the receiving end. How were public diplomacy programs received in various parts of the world, each often undergoing their own historic convulsions? Thirdly, the fact that America's increasingly raucous social and political diversity produced unexpected results abroad. A fourth theme concerns the changing worldwide context. U.S. public diplomacy had always maintained a global conceit and a universalist ethos. Fifth, and central to the approach of this book, is the often unrecognized but crucial fact that both ends of the transmission and reception axis are important to understand the full dynamics of public diplomacy practise. The book closely calibrates American soft power to the hard power wielded by the United States, even in this period.
This innovative textbook has been designed with approachability and engagement at its forefront, using language reminiscent of a live lecture and interspersing the main text with useful advice and expansions. Striking a balance between theoretical- and experimental-led approaches, this book immediately immerses the reader in charge and neutral currents, which are at the core of the Standard Model, before presenting the gauge field, allowing the introduction of Feynman diagram calculations at an early stage. This novel and effective approach gives readers a head start in understanding the Model's predictions, stoking interest early on. With in-chapter problem sessions which help readers to build their mastery of the subject, clarifying notes on equations, end of chapter exercises to consolidate learning, and marginal comments to guide readers through the complexities of the Standard Model, this is the ideal book for graduate students studying high energy physics.
Economies are fundamental to all human societies by providing the material support for their populations and respective social institutions. This volume brings together scholars from archaeology, anthropology, and history in a collaborative examination of how premodern societies produced and mobilized resources to support social, political, and religious institutions. Thirteen societies from horticultural/pastoral groups to expansionistic states are used to develop a truly comparative view of economic development. Topics discussed include the nature of productive self-sufficiency, forms of economic specialization, the economics of labor and resource mobilization, economic inequality and stratification, commerce and the marketplace, and urban and ritual economies. The book's collective discussions have led to the construction of five generalizations and eighteen specific hypotheses about the way that ancient and premodern societies navigated the material worlds in which they lived. These hypotheses will serve as a basis for scholars exploring how societies in other times and places navigated their economic landscapes.
During armed conflict, non-State armed groups frequently establish their own judicial systems to resolve disputes, impose penal sanctions and implement social control. Examples such Hamas in Gaza, Rojava in Syria, or the 'People's Republics' in Eastern Ukraine demonstrate that this aspect of 'rebel governance' has become increasingly common. How can or should international law regulate the establishment of courts, conduct of trials and passing of penal sanctions by insurgent movements that challenge the judicial monopoly of states? Based on an in-depth doctrinal analysis, this study demonstrates that the administration of criminal justice by insurgents is not inherently illegal or illegitimate, and explains how to measure the conduct of armed groups against clear legal standards. Drawing on a broad range of real-world examples, this study makes a vital contribution to the law applicable in armed conflict.
Studies have been devoted to important methodological and conceptual matters to do with how, and how not, to study minority political participation. This continues to be a vexed question despite almost three decades of national surveys on the topic, and this book addresses these points by outlining the rationale for its own development of survey and measurement techniques and the evidence produced therein. One recurring theme has been the relationship between mainstream electoral and other channels of participation. This theme is considered more extensively within this book, but at this point it is sufficient to recall that perhaps inevitably the lion's share of attention has been devoted to electoral questions. The book assesses why minority patterns of participation and partisanship look as they do. A number of quite striking patterns have been discernible from earlier evidence and are examined in considerable detail. The book addresses the so-called 'refeeding' debate by exploring the meaning of recent empirical voting evidence for representation theory and political strategy. The idea that ethnic minorities have distinctive and collective interests in politics has been debated regularly in Britain and is further considered, along with some detailed evidence. The book examines this dilemma with the use of empirical survey evidence and reveals that the institutional-circumstantial aspects of social representation are often crucial to understanding causal relationships. Political science theory can conceptualise the role of ethnicity in a number of ways.
As an opposition movement National Socialism displayed an alarming predisposition to violence and intolerance and purveyed a political message laced with anti-Semitic racialism. After setting the theme in a wider context and surveying the relationship between National Socialism and the established parties and institutions of Weimar, this book focuses on the Nazis themselves. The ideological origins of Nazism, its programme and use of propaganda to project its message are examined, after which the creation of the Nazis' formidable, if brittle, organisational basis is considered. Following a discussion of what the Nazis were selling and how they tried to market their wares, attention turns to the potential customers, middle- and working-class, who supported the Nazis in varying measure and for reasons which were in part similar, in part very different. Hitler's contribution to the rise of National Socialism is accorded detailed attention within this framework. Conclusions must follow from a consideration of the evidence and to betray them at the outset would be premature. However, in general terms this book seeks to reconcile some of the more traditional, classic explanations for the rise of Nazism with the most recent, not least through a re-appraisal of the role and function of the concept of national solidarity within National Socialist ideology. The grim consequences of this particular evocation of national solidarity make any study of Nazism a profoundly discomforting task.
This book is a part of a series titled Contemporary British Novelists, which explores the influence of diverse traditions, histories and cultures on prose fiction. Science fiction provided one escape route from the social limitations and stultifying conventions of literary realism. It opened the door to preoccupations typically ignored by the mainstream writers from whom Ballard was alienated, and it enabled him to align himself with a 'popular' genre that mocked the overweening pretensions of so-called 'high' art. This book provides a darker reading of self-deification as the expression of the untrammelled monstrous ego, a reading that looks ahead to Ballard's exploration of nihilism in Millennium People. Ballard has suggested that 'our talent for the perverse, the violent, and the obscene, may be a good thing' and that we 'may have to go through this phase to reach something on the other side, it's a mistake to hold back and refuse to accept one's nature'. This commitment to the logic of the quest can then be read as a form of optimism, and enables Ballard to claim that his is 'a fiction of psychic fulfilment' because it encourages his characters to discover 'the truth about themselves' even if this process of discovery culminates in their deaths Ballard's late novels lay bare the psychopathologies of everyday life in a post-humanist world. His writing traces the sinister trajectories often taken by a potentially world-annihilating technology, it also explores the emancipatory hopes and the uneasy pleasures unleashed by the juggernaut of modernity.