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1. How can the social work profession in Tanzania continue to improve the well-being of people and promote social justice? 2.There is a need to encourage and support social workers on several levels in Tanzania. What issues of human rights are related to this task? 3. How can social workers living outside Tanzania support colleagues working in the region?
Loneliness is a common public health concern, particularly among mid- to later-life adults. However, its impact on early mortality (deaths occurring before reaching the oldest old age of 85 years) remains underexplored. This study examined the predictive role of loneliness on early mortality across different age groups using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS).
Methods
A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the 2010–2020 waves of the HRS, restricted to participants aged 50–84 years at baseline. Loneliness was measured using the 11-item UCLA Loneliness Scale, categorized into four levels: low/no loneliness (scores 11–13), mild loneliness (14–16), moderate loneliness (17–20) and severe loneliness (21–33). Cox proportional hazards models and time-varying Cox regression models with age as the time scale were created to evaluate the relationship between loneliness and early mortality, adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and physical and mental health factors.
Results
Among 6,392 participants, the overall mortality rate before the age of 85 years was 19.1 per 1,000 person-years. A dose–response relationship was observed, with moderate and severe loneliness associated with 23% (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02–1.48) and 36% (aHR: 1.36, 95% CI = 1.13–1.65) higher mortality risk, respectively. Significant associations existed for the 65–74-year-old (aHR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.03–1.83) and 75–84-year-old (aHR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.23–2.56) age groups in the fully-adjusted models, but not for the 50–64-year-old age group. Time-varying Cox models showed a stronger association for severe loneliness (aHR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.37–1.99).
Conclusions
Loneliness is a significant predictor of mortality among older adults. Preventive and interventional programs targeting loneliness may promote healthy ageing.
In the nineteenth century, playwrights began to consider speech not only as a prelude to action and conflict but to exploit its potential as a site of action and conflict. The result was the burgeoning of a more discursive and dialectical theatre that directly engaged with social, political, and philosophical debates, leading to the development of such forms as the problem play, the discussion play, and the play of ideas. While these genres have often been considered the conventional types of realist theatre against which other forms of modernism reacted, this chapter argues that they were in fact significant innovations that responded to crises of modernity. In so doing, the chapter traces their circulation as they were adopted and adapted in cultures beyond their origins in Europe.
1. How can we create brave spaces for students in social work? 2. How can we use stories in the classroom? 3. How can brave spaces be made transferable to social work practice?
A growing literature explores the representational detail of infants’ early lexical representations, but no study has investigated how exposure to real-life acoustic-phonetic variation impacts these representations. Indeed, previous experimental work with young infants has largely ignored the impact of accent exposure on lexical development. We ask how routine exposure to accent variation affects 6-month-olds’ ability to detect mispronunciations. Forty-eight monolingual English-learning 6-month-olds participated. Mono-accented infants, exposed to minimal accent variation, detected vowel mispronunciations in their own name. Multi-accented infants, exposed to high levels of accent variation, did not. Accent exposure impacts speech processing at the earliest stages of lexical acquisition.
1. In what way can personal stories from practitioners in social work bring in something new in education? 2. What issues connected to the joy of practising social work can be transferred to social work education? 3. How can stories from practitioners be told to service users, to become relational bridges that connect people?
In 1788, John Marshall made a prediction that was more prescient than he realized: The federal courts the new Constitution called for would be “the means of preventing disputes with foreign nations.” Marshall could not have known it, but for the next several decades international disputes over persons, ships, and goods caught up in maritime war would wash onto American shores, and into federal courtrooms. The courts’ decisions were essential to the United States’ emergence as a sovereign and independent nation. But preoccupation with Marshall’s famous constitutional rulings has obscured this story of judicial nation-building at sea. And while we have grown accustomed to the idea that “foreign affairs” are the domain of the legislative and executive branches, the political leaders who first tried to solve the puzzle of constitutional governance did not hew to such rigid notions of institutional responsibility. If Marshall’s legacy is the establishment of both judicial and national authority, this book shows that he and his contemporaries did so, first and foremost, at sea.
While associations of ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption with adverse health outcomes are accruing, its environmental and food biodiversity impacts remain underexplored. This study examines associations between UPF consumption and dietary greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe), land use, and food biodiversity.
Design:
Prospective cohort study. Linear mixed models estimated associations between UPF intake (grams/day and kcal/day) and GHGe (kg CO₂-equivalents/day), land use (m2/day), and dietary species richness (DSR). Substitution analyses assessed the impact of replacing UPFs with unprocessed or minimally processed foods.
Participants:
368,733 participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study.
Setting:
Europe
Results:
Stronger associations were found for UPF consumption in relation with GHGe and land use compared to unprocessed or minimally processed food consumption. Substituting UPFs with unprocessed or minimally processed foods was associated with lower GHGe (8.9%; 95%CI: -9.0; -8.9) and land use (9.3%; -9.5; -9.2) when considering consumption by gram per day and higher GHGe (2.6%; 95% CI: 2.5: 2.6) and land use (1.2%; 1.0; 1.3) when considering consumption in kilocalories per day. Substituting UPF by unprocessed or minimally processed foods led to negligible differences in DSR, both for consumption in grams (-0.1%; -0.2; -0.1) and kilocalories (1.0%; 1.0; 1.1).
Conclusion:
UPF consumption was strongly associated with GHGe and land use as compared to unprocessed or minimally processed food consumption, while associations with food biodiversity were marginal. Substituting UPFs with unprocessed or minimally processed foods resulted in differing directions of associations with environmental impacts, depending on whether substitutions were weight- or calorie-based.
Joseph Story thought that the United States needed more than courts to vindicate its independence in the War of 1812. The youngest justice on the Supreme Court also believed that the nation needed legal doctrines that would support its aspirations to global power. For decades, American policymakers – and especially the Court under John Marshall – had defended the rights of neutral nations to trade peaceably in wartime. That approach made sense when a militarily weak but commercially vigorous United States sought to profit from trade with European powers embroiled in conflict. But now that the United States itself was at war, Story envisioned a different national future, in which a robust military and strong central government were the foundation of American sovereignty. The split that emerged on the Court over neutral and belligerent rights reflected a generational divide over how to preserve and extend American independence, and it fractured the Marshall Court’s prior unanimity. Despite Marshall’s resistance, Story persuaded his colleagues to adopt doctrines that favored the rights of nations at war, pushing the courts – and the country – to assume a more assertive presence at sea.
Situated at the junction of Cognitive Semantics and Experimental Phenomenology, this study investigates how participants perceive the structure of 18 perceptual dimensions of opposites across the visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory and olfactory sensory modalities. The structures include three components: two poles (high; low) and an intermediate (neither high nor low). Participants were asked to provide examples of contexts for each dimension for which they could experience the five sensory modalities and then describe their experiences of the structures with respect to whether the poles were experienced as a single property (Point), or a range of properties with or without a precise limit (Bounded Range or Unbounded Range respectively). For the intermediate region, they described if they experienced a single property (Point) or many (Range) or none (No Intermediates). The study centres on two main questions. Is the perceptual structure invariant across the sensory modalities? If not, how do the structures differ? The study shows that the overall structure of all dimensions was stable in at least two of the modalities, and many structures were stable across more than two modalities. Stability was particularly pertinent across the visual and tactile modalities, and the gustatory and olfactory modalities.
Despite its geographic correspondence with a key fourteenth-century BC port, the tell of Yavneh-Yam has yielded only meagre evidence for Late Bronze Age occupation. The recent discovery of a sealed monumental rock-cut burial cave with hundreds of grave goods provides the first clear evidence for a significant polity.