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Why are some constitutions amended more frequently than others? Studies of amendment rates have been plentiful but have not generated much theoretical or empirical consensus because the extant literature rests rest on a strong and unwarranted assumption that social capacity to navigate amendment rules is constant across space and time. By contrast, the authors of this Element argue that this social capacity varies by civic connectedness. Drawing upon previous studies that find social capital mitigates transaction costs, this Element outlines the myriad ways in which social capital helps elites, social movements, and ordinary citizens solve the collective action problems associated with constitutional reform. The authors find evidence for their theory using a variety of measures, methods, and units of analysis.
Innovative novels by women published in the UK in the 1950s and 1960s have returned with a vengeance in the last decade. They have reappeared in bookshops, they have been the subject of academic work, of newspaper articles and radio programmes. Feminist critical work is likely to see this return through the trope of recovery; those interested in publishing are likely to use Pierre Bourdieu's model of 'restricted production'. This Element argues that both of these temporal models are problematic. That these novelists have not been fully present in literary culture till now is the fault neither of 'forgetting' nor the time lag inherent in restricted production, but of the specific and complex structures, dynamics and assumptions of publishing. By focusing the publishing and republishing of the work of Ann Quin (1936–1973), this Element remakes the feminist critical landscape for work on novelists from the past and on publishing.
This Element provides an overview of the origins and development of forensic linguistics in the UK. It starts with a brief overview of early forensic linguistic research in the UK context, how some of the earliest work came about and the circumstances that allowed the field to develop and grow. Following this, the Element details the UK-based developments in the forensic analysis of texts, most notably through forensic authorship analysis and profiling. Section 3 outlines the research on spoken linguistic practices in legal contexts, using the order in which one might encounter these parts of the legal system (the emergency services, the police, the courts) as a structure. Section 4 looks at recent developments in the linguistic analysis of criminal and abusive behaviours in online contexts. Finally, the Element summarises the current state of forensic linguistics in the UK, pointing to key debates and potential future directions.
Technological change and innovation have long fueled economic growth and employment. Yet, in recent decades, productivity gains have increasingly failed to translate into more jobs and higher wages. Jobless Growth and the New Great Transformation investigates this apparent paradox, by examining the theoretical and empirical evidence about the relationship between innovation and structural change. It combines rigorous and cutting-edge data analysis with EU case studies to reveal how recent technological breakthroughs, far from driving shared prosperity, have slowed growth, widened spatial divides and fueled societal polarization, partly due to excessive confidence in market deregulation. Drawing on data-driven analyses, the book explains why impacts of innovation vary so widely between regions and how history, institutions, and policy-not just market forces-determine who benefits from technological advances and who is left behind.
The western tradition of coinage began in Asia Minor around 650 BCE and from there the idea spread quite rapidly to other parts of the Mediterranean. This book describes and evaluates developments in coinage down to the middle of the fifth century. Early coinage was not monolithic. The new medium of exchange proved attractive to a variety of rulers and societies – kings, dynasts, tribes, city–states with varying forms of governance. The physical characteristics of the coins produced were another source of difference. Initially there was no fixed idea of what a coin should look like, and there were several experiments before a consensus emerged around a small, circular metal object with a design, or type, on both sides. This book provides students with an authoritative introduction, with all technical terms and methodologies explained, as well as illustrations of over 200 important coins with detailed captions.
Unlike conventional narratives of 'state failure' and its conceptual avatars, the volume analyses the remains of states whose populations had been torn apart by prolonged and violent conflicts and whose rulers lost the monopoly over the means of coercion and the capacity to implement public policies. Focusing on Lebanon since the civil war of the 1970s and 80s, Syria since the repression of the 'Arab spring' in 2011, and Iraq since the 1991 and 2003 wars, it provides a systematic explanation of the continuous, if precarious, survival of these states which draws on international recognition, access to resources, institutional arrangements, and societal ties alongside societal cleavages. In the process, States under Stress defends a definition of the state based on claims to statehood.
Archaeologists increasingly rely on philosophical principles, as evidenced in the Ontological Turn, yet often only engage Western philosophers, which is unfortunate as Indigenous scholars, particularly Native American authors, have provided alternatives applicable to archaeological research. Within this volume, we introduce readers to Native American scholars whose work we apply to major topics in archaeology, including landscapes and knowledge, kinship and extended personhood, and cosmology and ceremonial practices. By contrasting with traditional, Western-based interpretive approaches, we demonstrate the transformative potential of relying on Native American philosophers not only in terms of better understanding the archaeological record but also in how archaeologists and practitioners approach issues such as repatriation, archaeological collections care and handling, and sovereignty. In all, this volume presents a powerful new approach to archaeological research that provides readers with an introduction to Native American philosophers, relevant case studies, and real-world examples that they can use in their own works.
Every president in the last century has launched his own strategy of federalism, and with every launch, presidents have tried to characterize their own approach as newer and better. Most of these approaches have swung like a pendulum along a continuum from centralization to decentralization. Donald Trump's version of federalism, however, has proven to be radically different, not only in its politics and administration but also in its disconnection from the themes that have long characterized the debate about American democracy, shaped by French intellectual Alexis de Tocqueville in the middle of the nineteenth century. Trump has relied on both finance and force as tools to redefine power in the intergovernmental system. That, in turn, poses enormous challenges not only for the execution of domestic policy but also for the conduct of democracy in America.
Driven by advances in data science and machine learning, photonics has evolved rapidly in recent years and has transformed into a highly interdisciplinary field, connecting fundamental research with cutting-edge applications. Inspired by recent Nobel Prizes in Physics in 2021 and 2024, Conti highlights the interplay between photonics and spin glasses, a key concept for understanding the link between photon propagation and complex systems. Beginning with a study of black-body radiation, the book then revisits laser theory using techniques from non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. Through a step-by-step exploration of important photonic experiments, it bridges foundational concepts and advances in optical computing, with a focus on developing efficient hardware for classical and quantum artificial intelligence. This reveals the profound ties between complexity, photonics, and the future of AI technologies. The book will be a valuable resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and more practised researchers.
This Element examines the political, architectural, and social transformations of the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Selim III (1789–1807), foregrounding the central role of imperial women in shaping reform. While Selim's military and administrative initiatives reconfigured Istanbul's urban fabric, his mother, sisters, and female relatives actively advanced these efforts through architectural patronage, diplomacy, and gift exchange. Drawing on archival sources, visual materials, and microhistorical analysis, the Element reconstructs the dynamic networks sustained by these women and their stewards. It challenges assumptions of female invisibility, demonstrating instead their strategic visibility, economic agency, and integral participation in imperial governance and cross-cultural exchange.
Elizabeth Hitchener (1783–1821) is best known to literary history for a brief but intense friendship with Percy Bysshe Shelley, during which he declared her 'the sister of my soul'. When, in 1812, the friendship fell apart, Shelley turned on her. She was, he said, 'an ugly, hermaphroditical beast of a woman'. He labelled her 'The Brown Demon'. This Element is the first biographical and critical study of a schoolmistress, letter-writer, and poet, whose achievements transcend Shelley's denigrating characterisation. Drawing on fresh archival research, it uncovers a wealth of new information about Hitchener's life and shows how she benefitted from and engaged with late-eighteenth century traditions of radical and proto-feminist thought. It offers a revisionary account both of Hitchener's correspondence with Shelley—based on newly-edited manuscripts—and her achievements as a poet, attending in particular to the generic and argumentative complexity of her topographical poem The Weald of Sussex (1822).
There are worldwide concerns about the quality of elections and democracy. There is also an ambiguity in academia, the international community and popular discourse about how to define and measure good elections. This Element develops an original concept of electoral integrity based on human empowerment. Elections serve a purpose: They should give citizens a voice, empower the everyday citizen against the powerful and act as mechanisms for political equality. Secondly, it argues that there have been major societal 'megatrends,' meaning that the holding of elections has moved from the modern era to an age of complexity. This describes an era of demographic, technological, legal, economic and political complexity and fluidity. The greater connection between nodes of activities in the electoral process means that elections held in one part of the world can be very quickly affected by actors and developments elsewhere. Thirdly, it provides new measurement tools to assess election quality.
Discover how technology is revolutionizing the world of work across diverse industries in this essential text. As AI, automation, and digital platforms reshape fields like healthcare, hospitality, law enforcement, and the skilled trades, this book describes the emerging demands and skills workers need to thrive. Each chapter spotlights a different sector, uncovering how job roles are changing, what new training looks like, and the social and economic impacts of these shifts. By exploring both the opportunities and challenges of these technological transformations, this book offers an insightful perspective for professionals, educators, and anyone curious about the future of work. Perfect for readers seeking a comprehensive view of how technology is redefining careers and the labor market, it's a must-read for staying ahead in an ever-evolving workplace.
The mathematical method and the nature of mathematical knowledge were subjects of intense philosophical discussion in the 17th and 18th centuries. In particular, there was a debate over whether metaphysical truths admit of distinct proof as geometrical truths do, and whether they may be known with the same degree of certainty. This comparison between geometry and philosophy required a proper understanding of how Euclidean demonstration secured certainty. This element examines attempts by Descartes, Locke, Leibniz, Wolff, Lambert, Mendelssohn and Kant to address this question. The emphasis is on metaphysical and epistemological questions about geometrical demonstration in the 17th- and 18th-centuries.
Inclusion is about recognising the rights of every person and ensuring that equitable opportunities exist for all. Inclusive Practice in the Early Years provides pre-service and in-service early childhood teachers and educators with theoretical guidance and practical strategies to allow all children to participate meaningfully in learning. Inclusive Practice in the Early Years focuses on the inclusion of children with disability, developmental delay and neurodivergence from birth to five years. The book also highlights the importance of recognising inclusive principles that apply to a wider range of diversity including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, refugee and migrant children, children who have experienced trauma and families experiencing disadvantage. Developed by authors with extensive experience across early childhood education, disability, community, and allied health, this text provides valuable information and strategies to support both pre-service and in-service teachers and practitioners to develop an inclusive practice.
'Colonial Senses' explores how Portuguese late colonialism and its afterlives are experienced and resisted through the senses. Moving beyond a purely textual analysis, the Element examines the insurgent optics of Amílcar Cabral, the feminist haptics of Paulina Chiziane and the sonic politics of Black female activists in post-colonial Lisbon. The Element posits that Portuguese late colonialism's sensory regime prioritised proximity and aesthetic contact in order to mask violence and stifle dissent. Using social theory, literature and ethnography, we analyse a variety of visual, tactile and auditory registers. We offer a new hypothesis on the sensory architecture of empire: that the Portuguese colonial empire developed a distinctive multisensory regime structured around aestheticised contact, intimate violence and the suppression of autonomous sensory expression. Combining historical and sociological analysis, this Element demonstrates how sensory colonial legacies endure into the present and contributes to sensory and postcolonial studies.
Throughout decades of research, motivation remains a vital part of psychology and other areas of the behavioural sciences. Frederick Toates explores this important psychological and biological process through an integrative account of how internal and external influences shape the decision making that guides and activates behaviour. Now extensively updated and expanded for modern readership, this textbook is equally accessible to undergraduates and engaging for academics. Drawing on psychology, neuroscience, and ethology, it presents a uniquely synthesised perspective of what motivates us. The chapters pull together diverse phenomena under one conceptual roof, including newly examined causes of behaviour such as the motivation associated with pain. Richly illustrated with personal anecdotes and examples from leading figures in the behavioural sciences, the text is accompanied by a test bank. This clear and supportive guide reveals how motivation systems take shape from the interactions between brain, body, and environment.
This Element centers the architectural and material worlds created by Ottoman imperial women, foregrounding their decisive role in shaping Istanbul at the end of the eighteenth century. Focusing on Mihrişah Valide Sultan and the sultan's sisters and female relatives, it examines how their patronage transformed the imperial harem at Topkapı Palace and extended into a network of waterfront mansions, charitable complexes, and suburban estates. Drawing on poetic inscriptions, archival correspondence, and visual sources, the study reconstructs the collaborative processes linking these women to stewards, builders, and artisans. It argues that their domestic and architectural interventions constituted powerful expressions of authority, visibility, and political agency within the empire.
What is human dignity? Kant's philosophy is a central inspiration for our contemporary conception that all human beings deserve respect – independently of their race, gender, religion, or social status. In this Element, I shall address four topics in Kant's moral philosophy: What specifically does one have to do (or refrain fromdoing) to respect a human being? What is the reason why one should respect human beings? What is dignity, that is, what does the term mean, and what kind of thing is it? Finally, in a short appendix, I shall address the questions: Do only human beings deserve respect; how could one extend it to nonhuman animals as well? In each section, I shall offer a range of different interpretations of how one can read Kant's texts, and I shall address their advantages and disadvantages. This gives readers the option to choose for themselves which reading is the most plausible interpretation of human dignity.