This chapter discusses discipline and morale in the Irish regiments during 1914–18 and illustrates that, during the Great War, Irish soldiers committed a large number of disciplinary offences. This, in turn, questions the conclusions of some previous works on this subject. In general, it appears that the number of men tried by courts martial was generally higher in Irish than in English, Scots or Welsh units. It also appears that Irish soldiers were more likely to be involved in crimes involving drunkenness or serious indiscipline, and that the number of mutinies committed in Irish units during the Great War appears to be out of proportion to the number of Irish units in the British army. While the numbers of soldiers tried by courts martial in Irish units were generally higher than those in other British units, this does not necessarily mean that discipline was generally worse in Irish units. This study also suggests that morale remained high in the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) throughout the war, questioning the views of other historians that crises of morale occurred in the BEF during the winters of 1914/15 and 1917/18, and during and immediately after the German Spring Offensive of 1918.

Conscription did not apply to Ireland; however, a number of Irish battalions did receive drafts of English conscripts and, in assessing discipline and morale, it is important to assess the impact of this change of personnel. Irish units stationed in Ireland were moved to Great Britain in late 1917, suggesting that the military authorities were suspicious of Sinn Fein infiltration into Irish regiments. In this situation, amalgamations and the disbandment of some Irish battalions to provide drafts for others became increasingly necessary. By contrast, many of the disbandments and amalgamations of Irish Service battalions appear totally illogical. It is also interesting to note that the amalgamations policy, adopted in late 1917, provided very mixed disciplinary results. Amalgamations of Service battalions appear to have had very little impact on morale in the units concerned.

This chapter contains the annotated and translated text of The Chronicon of Thiermar of Merseburg.

This introduction provies a basic orientation and anoriginal scholarly interpretation of the text. Thecareer, mental world and writings of Regino, abbotof Prüm, were all defined by the Carolingian Empireand, more particularly, by its end. The highOttonian period of the mid-tenth century witnessed arevival of historiography, exemplified by the workof the two major authors who wrote about the rise ofthe dynasty. The first of these was Liutprand ofCremona, whose Antapodosis, a history of Europeanpolitics from 888 until around 950, and HistoriaOttonis, a focused account of events surroundingOtto's imperial coronation, were both written in theearlier 960s. The second was Adalbert, who mostprobably wrote his continuation to the Chronicle in967/968. Regino's Chronicle, dedicated to BishopAdalbero of Augsburg in the year 908, was the lastwork of its kind for several decades, and as suchits author can be regarded as the last greathistorian of the Carolingian Empire.

A strong arterial network of regional justice developed over the course of the later medieval period, which nourished and complemented the work of the higher royal courts. The extracts in this chapter provide a wider picture of criminal justice in action, and the interaction of both central and local agencies, that concerns this chapter. The chapter concentrates especially on criminal procedure in the late Middle Ages. The appeal of felony was one of the principal methods of prosecuting an individual for a criminal wrong in the thirteenth century. The procedure was an involved and lengthy one since it necessitated the appeal being initiated in the county court before being heard by justices of gaol delivery. The extracts from gaol deliveries in Norfolk reveal something of the more mundane day-to-day workings of the courts and especially the procedural issues and practical problems that held up the smooth course of trials.

Enrico, more often known as Rigo, was a native of Bolzano in what is now the Italian Tyrol; his Christian name was more characteristic of a German-speaking than of an Italian-speaking region. For centuries after his death in 1315 he remained, a purely 'popular' saint in the sense that his sanctity was recognised by no authority higher than that of the bishop of Treviso, his adopted city and the place of his death. At Treviso his after-fame was marked in 1830 by the building of a neo-classical tempietto on the site of the cell where he died; it is now sacred to the soldiers of Italy. The Life of Rigo published by Daniel Papebroch in Acta sanctorum was written by Pietro da Baono, who became bishop of Treviso in 1359.

The consolidated estate that Roger Harlakenden acquired from the Earl of Oxford, his lessees, and their various assignees was surveyed and mapped by Israel Amyce in 1598. The survey reveals that the two manors had a combined area of nearly 3,000 acres. As all previous studies of Earls Colne have focused on the copyholds of the two manors, it may come as a surprise to discover that 54 per cent of the area of the manor was actually demesne, held at will or by lease, or farmed in hand. The fortunes of the Harlakendens were based primarily on the income from farms on the demesne: the income from copyhold lands, though not a trifle, was, by comparison, a secondary consideration.

This chapter sums up the book, gathering together the various threads. It argues that, while the memory and meaning of the Spanish Civil War remain hotly contested, the civil war setting will be one to which filmmakers increasingly turn. The chapter outlines how the civil war has, in more recent years, provided rich material for filmmakers to narrativise the conflict in order to both make more general points about the historical process and to propagate contemporary concerns. The book, which has also pointed to the changing nature of representations inside Spain, exploring how filmmakers such as Carlos Saura attempted to circumnavigate government censors under the dictatorship, concludes that the civil war has become a touchstone in the Western political imaginary. Inside Spain, the increased level of debate has provoked wider interest in the conflict.

Scholarly contributions to the study of social memory have tended to have two different kinds of focus. Some have focused essentially on issues of transmission, exploring the impact of different media of communication on the retention and formulation of past-related knowledge. Others have been concerned with issues of public representation, with analysing the cultural productions through which specific understandings of a collective past have been articulated at particular historical moments, and with exploring the politics of this representational activity. It is important also to attend to the material and environmental aspects of social memory processes. The operations of power leave their mark not just on the representations of the past that are produced within society, but on the social relationships that govern transmission. Tradition works through normativity, through routine, through the conforming of individual behaviour to socially prescribed patterns.