The CPC presides over a large state-owned economy, which is a key pillar of China’s state capitalist model and a critical source of Party power. The party has adapted its governing strategies of the state-owned sector to maintain its economic dominance without stifling growth and innovation – largely by learning from outside. We highlight the importance of the international system as a source of both policy inputs and pressures to change. We find that in the early phases of China’s marketization process during the 1980s, Chinese policymakers looked to Japan and the World Bank as they restructured state-owned enterprises. In the 1990s, American, European, and Japanese policymakers’ pressure on China to downsize its state sector as a condition of WTO accession was a key consideration in Chinese policymakers’ efforts to build “national champions” capable of competing with foreign multinationals in domestic and international markets. We analyze Chinese leaders’ responses to successive challenges in the state-owned economy, and the resilience of state capitalism which buttresses party rule.

The mafia's capacity to embed itself into political institutions, and to form with politicians relationships which are advantageous to it and damaging to the body politic as a whole, must be numbered among the features which most distinguish it from conventional criminal organisations. In the 1993 report, the antimafia Commission examined the nature of this complicity. The Christian Democratic politician, Giulio Andreotti has occupied all the principal offices in the Italian Government, including, on seven occasions, that of Prime Minister. Although he is himself a Roman, it was repeatedly alleged that through his Sicilian 'lieutenan', Salvo Lima, his faction of the party had close links to the mafia. In 1993, the magistrates in Palermo officially accused him of 'associazione mafiosa'.

On December 6, 2023, the Indonesian Parliament passed Indonesia’s Criminal Code. The new Criminal Code replaces the Dutch-language colonial-era Penal Code and after fifty years of debate marks a milestone in Indonesian law. However, the new Code is controversial. It continues to criminalize interpersonal relations such as adultery and cohabitation. The framing of those offences is an accommodation of conflicting preferences among a wide range of domestic and international actors including those from the Islamic world, notably Saudi Arabia. This chapter examines the new Code as an arena of contestation, among inter-regional influences and between secular and religious actors seeking to shape Indonesian state law. It highlights three under-studied phenomena in Asia: inter-regional religious networks; their intersection with colonial legal legacies; and the migration of legal values, not only geographically or jurisdictionally, but also across internal domains within pluralist legal systems.

During the Quattrocento and Cinquecento, the Italian peninsula saw a boom in the production of poetry written in Latin, under the impetus of the humanists’ reframing of the relationship between the contemporary and ancient worlds as new texts, authors, artworks and other evidence about the Roman and Greek worlds came to be known in Western Europe. The chapter evaluates how cultivation of ancient models by Neo-Latin (and Neo-Greek) authors reconfigured relationships to the past, while also taking account of how classical studies and the use of Latin had persisted throughout the Middle Ages. It also discusses how Italian poets writing in Latin used the ancient language to express themselves on key cultural themes and debates of their own day. The chapter stresses the abundance and variety of poetic production in Latin produced in every region of Italy, and in genres covering lyric, pastoral, epic, satire, epigrams and didactic verse.

While previous chapters have focused on the deaths of Christians under roughly ordinary circumstances, this chapter turns to deaths precipitated by pandemics and natural disaster. The necrosima accordingly features a number of poems that address instances of mass death due to pandemic and pestilence. In both form and context of preservation, these hymns were manifestly part of their communities’ ritual repertoire. At the same time, however, they witness to periods in which ordinary ritual pathways had broken down. In the midst of sickness and bereavement, the hymns suggest, churches stood empty, clergy mourned the loss of their brothers, even burials had ceased in light of death’s relentless onslaught. This chapter examines the madrāshê in question as spaces for reconfiguring communities’ ritual practices. The necrosima’s pandemic hymns and other, roughly contemporaneous liturgical sources thus point to communities’ embrace of lament, petition, and penance as models for engaging the divine.

In this chapter, we explore how Israel approaches its protection from cyber threats with a focus on disinformation. The chapter relies on primary source material in English and Hebrew and interviews with Israeli researchers and disinformation experts. This chapter outlines the overview of the disinformation threats Israel has been facing in the recent past and present, diagnoses the presence and absence in legislative policy concerning disinformation, and analyzes Israel’s private industry efforts to bolster cyber security defense. Finally, our conclusion considers a variety of overarching outlooks on the future of countering internal disinformation in Israel.

The success of the development project of the twentieth century relied on economic growth to lift incomes, and on a tax-and-welfare state to share the wealth. It also relied fundamentally on an unequal and gendered care economy, primarily focused on care of children, in which women bore much of the cost of care. Today, economic and demographic conditions are increasingly unlike conditions of the mid-twentieth century. Population ageing increases care needs, but also contributes to higher wealth inequality and slower economic growth. Most governments have failed to address the tensions in the gendered distribution of work, care, and wealth. Tax and welfare policies must adjust in the context of these changing conditions to enable a more equal distribution of the cost of care and economic returns, so that we can live long and well in the next 100 years.

Clinical ethics consultation was requested by the intensive care unit regarding a young woman with a near full-term pregnancy on the brink of COVID respiratory failure. She refused lifesaving mechanical ventilation, as she embraced the religious instruction of her upbringing to distrust religious outsiders and instead allow God to personally direct her choices. A psychiatrist determined that her beliefs were atypical, but she had medical decision-making capacity to refuse ventilation. Without it, her intensivist team anticipated her death along with the fetus within hours. Ethical consultation weighed the following: rights to bodily autonomy; standards of informed refusal; religious coping; nonabandonment and trust; moral distress and sympathetic regret. With her permission, the ethics consultant contacted her family, who were dismayed by her choices and reached out to persuade her otherwise. Within hours, she provided consent for ventilation and cesarean section; despite these, she required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for ten days. Ultimately, she and her healthy newborn were discharged home. In follow up, she described no regrets over her care nor distrust of her providers. The clinical ethicist is haunted by the uncertainties of the practice of medicine and ethics, as well as by missteps in the consultation process

This chapter presents some of the basic conventions of writing empirical papers in political science. Abstracts, introductions, and conclusions are formulaic and follow a predictable pattern; they are often among the last parts of a paper to be written. Conventions for reporting quantitative results include indicating significance, goodness of fit, and N in tables, discussing the significance of coefficients rather than of variables, and using baseline and multiple models to support your findings. Conventions for reporting qualitative research vary by research design, but they include careful obfuscation of sources for interview data, clear sequencing and temporality indicators in process tracing, minimizing direct quotations, and providing estimates of uncertainty for all conclusions drawn from qualitative data. Always acknowledge all help from outside sources in your paper.

Survivors of critical illness are at increased risk for the development of functional impairments, including difficulties performing activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living. This chapter explores the role of occupational therapy (OT) in the rehabilitation of patients impacted by post intensive care syndrome (PICS). Specific evaluation tools used by occupational therapists that can be assess PICS patients to identify their impairments in the key areas of physical, cognitive, and mental health are described. Thereafter, interventions used by occupational therapists to remediate identified impairments and maximize independence are described, derived from a combination of evidence-informed practice in similar patient populations and current empirical evidence for PICS rehabilitation.

This chapter considers the potential of neurorehabilitation to interfere with a person’s identity, and hence its potential to infringe human rights that protect (different aspects of) personal identity. It builds upon previous arguments and suggestions in the literature that some forms of interference with the brain, such as the use of brain stimulation techniques, can cause psychological changes that disrupt a person’s identity. Until now, this debate has focused strongly on the side effects of brain stimulation for therapeutic purposes, such as DBS in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. We extrapolate this discussion to the context of criminal justice. In addition to earlier ethical evaluations of brain stimulation vis-à-vis personal identity, scholars are now considering the legal protection that should be offered to personal identity in this context, particularly through human rights. Some have argued for the introduction of a specific human right for this purpose: a right to psychological continuity.

From Marxist revolution and the rejection of Chinese cultural tradition through market reforms and the embrace of Chinese cultural traditions, the party has repeatedly reinvented itself and maintained its monopoly of political power. Four decades after it abandoned communes and centrally planned economics, the party now sits atop a system of state capitalism and steers the world’s second largest economy. Confident in its success, the party now promises it will lead the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation – the restoration of China to advanced economy and great power status. This chapter reviews the multiple sources of the party’s strength and resilience in the second decade of the twenty-first century. It argues that the party’s strength lies in its adaptiveness and inventiveness across three dimensions: ideology, organization, and public policymaking. In doing so, the chapter provides a conceptual framework for the book and a launchpad for subsequent chapters which examine the multiple sources of CPC strength in greater depth.