Chapter 6 offers an analysis of the Nicaraguan Revolution with a particular focus on Araceli Pérez Darias, a Mexican citizen of Spanish descent fighting with the Sandinistas on the Western Front in Nicaragua during the late 1970s. She was ambushed, raped and killed in 1979. Using Araceli’s life story as a prism, this chapter offers a unique survey of women’s contribution to transnational warfare in the twentieth century, arguing that their challenges were multiple. Unlike their male comrades in arms, they were generally not allowed to fight at the front. Further, they were often subjected to abuses, and their armed resistance – originally motivated by their opposition to the enemy – eventually became intertwined with their struggle to be accepted as equals by the movement they represented at the front. In addition, the chapter provides the first comprehensive overview of the foreign brigades fighting for the Sandinistas, explaining why some have survived in the collective memory of the revolution while the most decisive of them all, consisting of Panamanian volunteers, were cast into oblivion.

The adnexa are in an anatomic region in the pelvis that includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, and the structures within the broad ligament. The differential diagnosis of an adnexal mass is complex because of the wide spectrum of disorders that involve the adnexa. Most frequently, adnexal masses involve the ovary itself because of its inherent growth properties through ovulation.[1] The evaluation of an adnexal mass may be complicated, as imaging does not always clearly delineate the adnexa from other nearby organs. Between 5% and 10% of US women will undergo a surgical procedure in their lifetime because of a suspected ovarian neoplasm and between 13% and 21% of these women will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer.

Harald Buchinger sketches the origins and complex evolutions of liturgies in Christian Antiquity. He focuses on patterns of worship and celebration developed in those times, underscoring how difficult it is to draw straightforward conclusions, mainly because of a paucity of sources.

This chapter identifies five fundamental trade-offs of supply chain management. Four of them are operational trade-offs impacting firms’ supply chain networks, resource utilization, and exposure to supply–demand mismatches. The last one is between revenue growth and supply–demand mismatches such that it affects the growth strategy. Elaborating on those trade-offs, this chapter proposes four effective strategies depending on firms’ sensitivity to supply–demand mismatches and business models.

Inspired by interesting research in the field of neuroscience, Dorothea Haspelmath-Finatti argues that singing in a liturgical context is not only an essential part of the act of praising and praying, but it is also healthy.

Chapter 4 follows the trajectory of Ernst Frey and other European anti-fascists, who enlisted in the Vietnamese Army after defecting from the French Foreign Legion. It focuses on the complicated relationship between the soldiers who survived the anti-fascist struggles in Europe and the new generation of soldiers of the anti-colonial wars in the Global South. After 1945, many Spanish Civil War veterans followed events in Algeria and Indochina with great interest and sided with those fighting for national self-determination. Notwithstanding the visibility of both causes, notable armed support materialised only in Indochina, where foreign volunteers were initially well-received and saw their military influence grow much beyond what their modest careers in the French Foreign Legion might indicate. With time, however, they were also seen as a challenge to the nationalistic Vietnamese leadership, who, thanks largely to Chinese support from the early 1950s onwards, were radically altering their military structure, leaving little or no space for French Foreign Legion defectors.

In Chapter 3, firstly, we reconstruct central theoretical models of democracy and enquire how an expansion of representation mechanisms for future generations could be conceptualised within these justificatory narratives. Secondly, we analyse the values that underlie democratic practices which can be helpful for advancing proxy representation at the international level by providing ethical criteria for such reforms. This involves analysing the discourses of intergenerational justice, solidarity and vulnerability. The chapter then turns to examine how these discourses can be translated into political forms of proxy representation by drawing on the all affected principle which requires that those affected by a decision have a role in the making of that decision, which is argued to be an element of most, if not all theories of democracy. This in turn is hypothesised to provide a basis for extension of the demos to include future generations, which then justifies proxy forms of representation to enable their representation . Human rights are argued to constitute a practice of global values which provides a powerful normative orientation for climate law and policy-making.

To date, vascular surgery has largely been dominated by open surgical and endovascular techniques and has only more recently begun to adopt laparoscopic techniques in management. Laparoscopic-assisted techniques for aortoiliac disease were first developed and later modified into a totally laparoscopic approach. Equipment has steadily improved from early devices first adopted from general surgery to allow large vessel manipulation and anastomosis. Currently, evidence has shown the feasibility of laparoscopy in aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery. In this chapter, we discuss the current state of the laparoscopic and robotic approaches in vascular surgery, highlighting the benefits and limits of the procedure.

Chapter 6 addresses the protection of the marine environment. The seas are common pool resources that have become open access resources owing to the pollution that states discharge into the seas. This chapter examines the different regulatory approaches that have been adopted by states to change the open access character of the seas and oceans, such as the Law of the Sea Convention, the MARPOL Convention, the London Dumping Convention, and various regional conventions including those on the Mediterranean Sea, the Caribbean Sea, and the North-East Atlantic. The chapter concludes that, despite the global regulatory efforts, the seas have remained an open access resource due to the lack of controls on pollution inputs.

Chapter 3 challenges long extant narratives about the ethnic homogeneity of Grenada's liberated Africans. Using archival evidence and M. G. Smith's unpublished field notes, it provides a demographic profile of liberated Africans detailing their ages, genders, ethnicities, linguistic groups, and geographical origins. The chapter argues that examining their backgrounds provides an understanding of their cultural legacies, specifically the African cultures that were carried to Grenada, and how these impacted the formation of African work.

This chapter tackles the issue of seemingly inconsistent statements by Kant across Groundwork and the second Critique. I show that Kant’s comment in the second Critique concerning the impossibility of proving the absolute necessity of the moral law has to do with a different question than that analysed by Kant in the first part of Groundwork III. Kant is really working with two deductions: the Groundwork deduction concerns the implications of having a will: If you take yourself as having a will, then you must also take yourself as bound by the moral law. I call this the EW deduction. But the problem of the second Critique is a different one. It actually picks up on issues already mentioned in the last part of Groundwork III (“On the Extreme Boundary of all Practical Philosophy”), and concerns insight into the real possibility of having a will (the RP deduction). We have no speculative access to such a possibility, for it would require us to have insight into the ground of both our receptivity and spontaneity. The first deduction, which concerns a hypothetical necessity, succeeds, but the second does not.

Cumulative environmental impacts are a central problem that contemporary environment-related laws must face, from laws that allocate natural resources such as forests and water, to rights-based approaches to nature and human health. This introduction sketches the basic characteristics of a cumulative environmental problem – accumulating, incremental harms at different scales, caused by many and diverse actors, with the added complexity of interacting and uncertain effects addressed by multiple legal regimes. It explains why addressing cumulative environmental problems requires reaching across disciplines, legal contexts, and jurisdictions. The CIRCle Framework is introduced - a Framework of four integrated functions of formal rules for responding to cumulative environmental problems – conceptualization, information, regulatory intervention, and coordination. The chapter also introduces case studies of laws addressing environmental justice concerns related to groundwater in the Central Valley of California, cumulative harms to the biodiversity of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and cumulative impacts to grasslands as biocultural landscapes in South Tyrol, Italy.