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Long-term segregation (LTS) is used in mental health hospitals in England to manage individuals perceived to pose a sustained risk of harm to others. Increasing evidence indicates that LTS causes significant psychological and physical harm and may breach international human rights standards. The HOPE(S) programme (2022–2025) was introduced nationally to reduce, and ultimately end, the use of LTS for autistic people, individuals with learning disabilities and children and young people.
Aims
To explore the experiences of LTS from different perspectives and to examine its impact through a human rights lens.
Method
Qualitative data were collected from 73 participants, including people with lived experience of LTS, family members, HOPE(S) practitioners, clinical staff, commissioners and regulators. Reflexive thematic analysis was conducted as part of a wider, mixed-methods evaluation of the HOPE(S) programme.
Results
LTS was described by most participants as harmful, dehumanising and lacking in therapeutic value. Four interrelated themes emerged: (a) dehumanisation and erosion of personhood; (b) safeguarding and systemic failure; (c) psychological and relational harm; and (d) loss of hope and systemic inertia. These experiences reflected breaches of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Conclusions
LTS is not a therapeutic intervention and is associated with profound psychological harm and human rights violations. Systemic reform and implementation of rights-based, trauma-informed alternatives, such as the HOPE(S) model, are urgently required to safeguard well-being and dignity in mental healthcare.
We prove that for any $k\geq 3$ for clause/variable ratios up to the Gibbs uniqueness threshold of the corresponding Galton-Watson tree, the number of satisfying assignments of random $k$-SAT formulas is given by the ‘replica symmetric solution’ predicted by physics methods [Monasson, Zecchina: Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1996)]. Furthermore, while the Gibbs uniqueness threshold is still not known precisely for any $k\geq 3$, we derive new lower bounds on this threshold that improve over prior work [Montanari and Shah: SODA (2007)]. The improvement is significant particularly for small $k$.
Compared to the number of films devoted to nuclear war, the catastrophic nuclear accident never acquired its own cinematic genre. Disaster films about civilian nuclear accidents would seem perfectly poised to serve that function to nuclear power as a technology emblematic of recent neoliberal politics. This chapter examines three films in order to explore this hypothesis about the confluence of gothic representations and neoliberal politics within the realm of nuclear power. The films discussed include Gregor Schnitzler's Die Wolke, Andreas Prochaska's Der erste Tag, and Volker Sattel's Unter Kontrolle that that deal with nuclear power in the European context and from a uniquely German perspective. Die Wolke and Der erste Tag project the abolition of nuclear power into an imaginary future, either as the democratically desired result of the lesson learned from history or as the inevitable outcome of economic and political strictures.
In a novel departure in Irish public health promotion, 250,000 free measuring tapes were distributed via pharmacies throughout Ireland to encourage people to measure their waists in 2011. This was part of the Stop the Spread (STS) campaign which sought to change people's perception of a healthy and normal waist size. Its central message was that a waist circumference above 32 and 37 inches for women and men, respectively is overweight and an indicator of particular health risks. This chapter suggests that STS campaign illustrates a change in biopedagogical instructions and techniques in health promotion. It focuses on some recent Foucauldian scholarship in order to extend the relevance of such concepts to twenty-first-century movements in biopolitics and neoliberalism, and in order to set out an analytical framework by which STS can be analysed.
This chapter analyses the installation and development of Egypt CARE mission. It examines the attempts of all three parties: the private non governmental organisations (NGOs), as well as both governments to use this cooperation as a means to reach particular individual goals. From CARE's perspective, the Egyptian program offered the chance to expand its outreach, expertise, and geographical focus as well as an opportunity to serve a maximum number of hungry people with a minimum amount of private investment. In order to formalize the newly established relations, President Nasser decreed the setting up of an Inter-Ministerial Committee (IMC) which was to deal with and coordinate American voluntary agency activities in Egypt. The food commodities entering the country under the CARE contract, by contrast, were almost free of charge and replaced a good part of those food imports which would otherwise have been necessary.
Liberal scholars have historically stressed the role of NGOs, including churches, in world politics. Recently, scholars have also stressed the normative influence of religious actors as agents in international relations. The seventh chapter examines the role of the Catholic Church in the Northern Ireland peace process by analysing the theological basis of Catholic attitudes and beliefs regarding peace and the manifestations of these teachings as applied by bishops in Northern Ireland. The chapter demonstrates that faith creates action and explains how an important religious tradition in Northern Ireland promoted peace by recognizing and responding to the new kind of wars and political conflicts that have emerged in recent decades. As the nature of conflict changed from a state-centred model into one which saw civil wars and ethnic-conflict becoming the norm, so too did Catholic responses; national Churches began to realise that protest and non-violent action was no longer enough to create a more peaceful world. Consequently, the Catholic hierarchy in Northern Ireland sought to achieve peace by working for justice, especially for political prisoners and those who suffered discrimination.
This chapter discusses how the contradictory field of forces set in motion by the unfolding economic crisis are articulated in the 2013 televised version of Dracula. Dracula provides a new outlet for the commodification of the vampire and the corporatisation of the gothic. The chapter argues that Dracula highlights not only the increasing humanisation of the vampire, but also a specifically post-recession, capitalism-weary environment caught between the need for simultaneous restoration of growth and austerity. The raunchy and explicit sex scenes in the Dracula bolster audiences' voyeuristic viewing pleasures. The scenes also reassert the vampire as an exceedingly erotic, insatiable creature whose bite will transform the victims into predatory but alluring vampires themselves. Adopting neoliberalism's entrepreneurial ethos of self-responsibility, self-care and determination, Dracula resolves to become the master of his own fate and engage in what Anthony Giddens calls the reflexive 'project of the self '.
Pierre Subleyras's painting of Charon Ferrying Souls serves to introduce this chapter's observations on the image of pain. The chapter considers whether Subleyras's particular take on the body afflicted contains clues of a contesting and appropriation of familiar iconographies of hell. It draws on more specific responses to images, ranging from a print of Pausanias's descriptions of the classical underworld, to the themes of pestilent calamity in Gabriel François Doyen's painting of The Miracle of St Anthony's Fire. The chapter focuses on the Parisian reception of Epicurean thought, the fuller context of an Epicurean oppositional stance to religion and its theory of the image. It closes by Diderot's commentary on the Coresus and Cal-lirhoe, Jean-Honore Fragonard's portrayal of a pastoral scene that revolved around a sacrifice and a suicide, to reassemble an account of images and their effects on those viewing them in terms of an Epicurean criticism of religion.
Asymptotic approximations are derived for the drift force and moment acting on bodies in incident plane surface waves. These approximations are based on the assumption that the wavelength is long compared with the length scale of the body or, equivalently, the frequency and wavenumber are small. Expansions in ascending powers of the wavenumber are developed for the Kochin function, which represents the far-field waves diffracted and radiated by the body. From these expansions the approximations of the drift force and moment are derived. If the body is unrestrained its motions in long waves are the same as the incident waves, to leading order, resulting in cancellation between the components of the Kochin function due to diffraction and radiation. It is necessary to expand these functions up to third order in the wavenumber to evaluate the leading-order terms of the drift force and moment. The approximations are compared with computations for small finite wavenumbers for several different floating and submerged bodies including spheres, spheroids and parallelepipeds. The characteristics of the drift moment are analysed to determine the angles of stable and unstable equilibrium relative to the waves.
This chapter explores the role of social media in the creation of myths and public beliefs about justice and law. Using the case study of the YouTube clip Kony 2012 the author identifies a number of myths and public beliefs this video creates and sustains, looking at three principal myths, namely the myths regarding the background and facts of the armed conflict and the current situation in Uganda, the myths regarding possible military and legal solutions and last but not least the myth surrounding the effectiveness of online activism itself. Rauxloh argues that the portrayal of a very long and complex conflict as simply a war of good versus evil and the presented solution of the “mighty West” helping the “helpless Africa” perpetuates dangerous stereotypes which are in direct contradiction to the aims of international criminal justice in general and the International Criminal Court in particular. It is also argued that one of the most damaging myths is the notion of the internet as the freely accessible democratic forum which opens up the power of voice to everybody. Rauxloh warns that social media have an unprecedented potential for creating, spreading and perpetuating myths and public beliefs.
Cardiopulmonary bypass-induced inflammation is associated with poor postoperative outcomes. Bypass exposure has been associated with shifts in lymphocyte populations. This study aimed to describe two cytokine profiles associated with T and NK cells and their effects on clinical markers of postoperative cardiovascular dysfunction in children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.
Methods:
Children from two major children’s hospitals undergoing corrective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were included. Plasma was collected pre-, 0 to 4 hours post- and 24 hours (when available) postoperatively. Plasma concentrations of cytokines were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Delta cytokine concentrations were compared to vasoactive infusion score and percent fluid balance on postoperative day one. Vascular reactivity was assessed in a subset of the cohort. Confirmation of endothelial-specific effects of interferon-γ and interleukin-17A was performed in microvascular endothelial cells, assessing cytokine levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or trans-endothelial electrical resistance.
Results:
A total of 26 children were included in the analysis. Interferon-γ was inversely associated with vasoactive infusion score (p < 0.05), whereas interleukin-17A and interleukin-23 were associated with greater cumulative postoperative fluid balance (p < 0.01 and 0.03, respectively). Peak vascular reactivity is strongly associated with interferon-γ (p = 0.001), but not with circulating interleukin-17A. Human microvascular endothelial cell exposure to interferon-γ increased endothelial permeability and cytokine production.
Conclusions:
Interferon-γ and interleukin-17A may be associated with cardiovascular dysfunction in children after exposure to cardiopulmonary bypass, albeit with differential clinical features. Interferon-γ may directly impact vascular measures, while the impact of interleukin-17A may relate to fluid accumulation.
Law in Europe developed firmly within a religious framework. The law's dependence on that framework, which can still be traced, has permeated European culture in all its visible and invisible aspects. The itinerary of the convict, from the moment of his arrest to his execution, illustrates the inextricable link between punishment and redemption. Class played an important role in the mode of execution, decapitation or hanging, and the crime for which one was being put to death determined the treatment that the body would undergo before and after execution. This chapter reviews historical source materials to illustrate the role of judicial torture in the handling of offenders. In the model of suspicion/denunciation/persecution, under judicial torture the convict was pushed to denounce innocent friends or foes in order to be relieved from pain, and the judges accepted this testimony as fact.