In her contribution, Roessler is interested in what digitalization means for the concept of human beings: a specific concept, identifiable, that defies digitalization? A conceptual clarification, she argues, shows that a rather uncontested definition of a human being includes their vulnerability, their finiteness, and their rational self-consciousness. In a next step, she discusses the difference between robots and humans and engages with novels by Ian MacEwan and Kazuo Ishiguro which imagine this difference between humans and robots. Finally, she advocates that a world in which the difference between robots and humans would no longer be recognizable would be an uncanny world in which we would not want to live.

This chapter discusses Grover’s fundamental algorithm, which enables searching over a domain of N elements with complexity of the square root of N. Several derivative algorithms and applications are being discussed, including amplitude amplification, amplitude estimation, quantum counting, Boolean satisfiability, graph coloring, and quantum mean, medium, and minimum finding.

Quantum algorithms operate on inputs encoded as quantum states. Preparing these input states can be quite complicated. The section discusses the trivial basis and amplitude encoding schemes, as well as Hamiltonian encoding. It also discusses smaller circuits for two- and three-qubit states. Then this chapter presents two of the most complex algorithms in this book, the general state preparation algorithms from Möttönen and the Solovay–Kitaev algorithm for gate approximation. Beginners may decide to skip these two algorithms on a first read.

In the previous chapters, and in Chapters 4 and 6 in particular, we already encountered methods for testing hypotheses. We used these statistical tests to determine if a given empirical correlation corresponds to the real key, or to an incorrect key. This chapter takes a more systematic look at statistical testing and derives methods that are—in some particular sense—best possible.

This chapter discusses the terms overlap and similarity between quantum states and introduces the important swap test, as well as the Hadamard test and the inversion test. The mathematical derivations in this chapter are still very detailed.

Roessler and Steeves, in their introduction, underscore the urgency of the debate about being human in an increasingly digitalized society. In a further step, they outline the theoretical background with regard to the concept of a human being, as well as with regard to the theoretical approaches of postmodernism and transhumanism, to situate the volume within earlier discussions about the digital human. They conclude with a helpful overview of the volume’s contributions.

Akbari describes what it means to have a human body in the digital age and argues that datafication has transformed the materiality of the body in its very flesh and bone. This transformation is especially dangerous in uncertain spaces, such as borders and refugee camps, where identity becomes crucial and only certain categories of human bodies can pass. The consequences to those experiencing datafication of their bodies at the border are harsh and severe. However, the deliberate unruliness of the border paves the way for these spaces to become technological testing grounds, as evidenced by the development of technologies to track fleeing populations for the purposes of contact tracing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Akbari’s text oscillates deliberately between academic thinking, autobiographical accounts, pictures, and poetry, thus clearly denoting the discomfort of the human being living in a Code|Body.

Susser provides a thoughtful examination of what we mean by (digital) exploitation and suggests that regulation should constrain platform activities that instrumentalize people or treat them unfairly. Using a diverse set of examples, he argues that the language of exploitation helps makes visible forms of injustice overlooked or only partially captured by dominant concerns about, for example, surveillance, discrimination, and related platform abuses. He provides valuable conceptual and normative resources for challenging efforts by platforms to obscure or legitimate those abuses.

In this chapter, we rebuild the theory of linear cryptanalysis one last time. One of the reasons for doing this was already mentioned in Chapter 9: there are various combinatorial properties that might be useful, but for which there are no analytic methods. However, before attempting to address this issue, we must take a step back and try to improve our understanding of linear cryptanalysis.

Cohen adapts the doughnut model of sustainable economic development to suggest ways for policymakers to identify regulatory policies that can better serve the humans who live in digital spaces. She does this in two steps. First, she demonstrates that a similarly doughnut-shaped model can advance the conceptualization of the appropriate balance(s) between surveillance and privacy. Second, she demonstrates how taking the doughnut model of privacy and surveillance seriously can help us think through important questions about the uses, forms, and modalities of legitimate surveillance.

This chapter discusses quantum noise and techniques for quantum error correction, a necessity for quantum computing. It discusses bit-flip errors, phase-flip errors, and their combination. The formalism of quantum operations is introduced, along with the operator-sum representation and the Kraus operators. With this in mind, the chapter discusses the depolarization channel and imprecise gates, as well as (briefly) amplitude and phase damping. For error correction, repetition codes are introduced to motivate Shor’s 9-qubit error correction technique.

We have introduced a compact infrastructure for exploration and experimentation, but all at the level of individual gates. Higher levels of abstraction are needed to scale to larger programs. The chapter discusses several quantum programming languages, including their specific tooling, such as hierarchical program representations or entanglement analysis. General challenges for compilation are discussed as well as compiler optimization techniques.

Pasquale draws from the world of literature and film to explore the role of emotions in being human and the ways that affective computing both seeks to duplicate and constrain caring as a fundamental human quality. Focusing on digital culture, he discusses various films (e.g. Ich bin dein Mensch), novels (e.g. Rachel Cusks), and TV series (e.g. Westworld) in order to unpack the alienation and loneliness which robots and AI promise to cure. He argues that cultural products ostensibly decrying the lack of humanity in an age of alexithymia work to create and sustain a particular culture, one that makes it difficult to recognize or describe human emotions by creating affective relationships between humans and technology. He concludes with critical reflections on the politico-economic context of those professed emotional attachments to AI and robotics.

The appendix contains a detailed description of the sparse simulation infrastructure.