A combined experimental and numerical investigation was conducted to examine the mechanisms of aerodynamic noise reduction for twisted hexagonal cylinders at Reynolds numbers ($ \textit{Re} = 2\times 10^4$–$10^5$) and twist angles per unit span $\gamma ^*\in \mathbb{R}[0,1/3]$. It reveals a non-monotonic dependence of noise reduction on $\gamma ^*$, optimised for $\gamma ^* = 1/6$, where a tonal noise reduction of 15 dB and a total sound reduction of 11 dB at $ \textit{Re} = 2\times 10^4$ were achieved. This was consistent across all Reynolds numbers tested. Additionally, dual tones were observed in the noise spectra for cases with $1/18\leqslant \gamma ^* \lt 1/6$, leading to the identification of two distinct flow patterns (Pattern I and II) based on the number of tones in the spectrum. Large-eddy simulations were performed at $ \textit{Re} = 2\times 10^4$ to support the acoustic measurements. Spanwise variations in flow separation gave rise to two distinct regimes: separation (RI) and reattachment (RII). For Pattern I ($1/5.4 \leqslant \gamma ^* \leqslant 1/3$), the spanwise variation of shear layer separation induced wavy vortex shedding, contributing to a moderate noise reduction. For Pattern II ($1/18 \leqslant \gamma ^* \leqslant 1/7.2$), differences in vortex shedding frequencies between RI and RII regimes led to vortex dislocation, forming C- or X-type vortex structures. The $\gamma ^* = 1/6$ configuration leads to a transitional pattern between Pattern I and II, where modulation was predominantly observed in the RI regime. The superior noise reduction of $\gamma ^* = 1/6$ stems from the combined effects of frequent vortex dislocation and modulation, which reduces spanwise coherency and increases wake three-dimensionality.

This study investigates the heat-flux enhancement of convection flows inside a fluid layer bounded from the top and bottom by two inhomogeneous porous layers. The porous matrix is made of solid materials with very high diffusivity. The numerical results reveal that, compared with the traditional convection system, the heat flux is greatly increased when the thickness of porous layer is large enough. At small Rayleigh numbers, the enhancement is the result of the increase in effective diffusivity in the fluid-saturated porous layers and the reduction in flow friction at the porous interface. For large Rayleigh numbers, the permeable motions across the interfaces generate strong convective flux, which greatly increases the total heat flux. For the latter parameter range, the exponent of the power-law scaling between the Nusselt number and the Rayleigh number exceeds 1/2, which is the value of the ultimate scaling. Our findings are not only of great potential in heat management in various industrial applications but also imply that, in many natural systems with imperfect boundaries, the global heat flux may be much stronger than the prediction by using a convection system with perfect boundaries.

This paper explores dispersive shock waves (DSWs) of gravity-capillary waves within the framework of the two-dimensional, fully nonlinear Euler equations. In this system, initial wave profiles characterised by a smooth step function evolve into modulated wavetrains that connect different constant states, a phenomenon arising from the interplay between nonlinear and dispersive effects. The Bond number, which quantifies the relative significance of gravity compared to surface tension, is crucial in determining the behaviour of the DSW solution. As the Bond number increases from zero, solutions traverse four distinct zones: the radiating DSW region, an unstable crossover region, the travelling DSW region, and the inverse radiating DSW region. The propagation velocities of DSWs can be estimated using the DSW fitting method alongside numerical results from travelling waves. Particular attention is given to travelling DSWs, which are characterised by a uniform wavetrain followed by an oscillatory decaying wavepacket. Notably, the high platform and its extended periodic wavetrain can be part of a specific type of gravity-capillary solitary wave that features an oscillatory pulse, with the number of oscillations at the core potentially increasing indefinitely. The Whitham modulation theory for the Euler equations is employed to describe the modulation parameters – such as wavenumber, amplitude and wave mean – in the travelling DSW region. Finally, we discuss the bifurcation mechanism of solitary waves with oscillatory pulses in the Euler equations, along with analyses of their stability. It is also demonstrated that for relatively small Bond numbers, a series of trapped bubbles can occur along the bifurcation curves, representing the limiting configuration of this type of solitary wave.

We report an experimental study on the effects of polymer additives in the dissipative-scale flow field properties in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection. The experiments were conducted in a cylindrical convection cell with a minute amount of polyacrylamide long-chain polymer. The local velocity gradient tensor was measured using an integrated home-made measurement system (J. Fluid Mech., 2024, vol. 984, p. A8). Although the single-roll large-scale circulation persists (owing to the slight tilt of the convection cell), polymers induce an anisotropic suppression of the dissipative-scale flow properties. The normal velocity gradient components are suppressed more than the shear components. The mean energy dissipation rate in both centre and side regions decreases, then levels off with increasing polymer concentration and the final reduction ratio exceeds 50 % in each region. In the side region, adding polymers has a stronger stabilising effect on the strain rate than the rotation. The anisotropic suppression of the velocity gradient tensor affects dissipation-rotation co-occurrence probability, velocity gradient triple decomposition and local streamline topology. Adding polymers also induces a deceleration effect and increases the contribution of local buoyancy in driving the flow. These results reveal that the addition of polymers can non-trivially manipulate dissipative-scale turbulence fields and energy cascades.

Predicting unsteady loads on plate-like objects during unsteady motion is important in many applications, such as ship manoeuvring, flight and biological propulsion. The drag force on a starting plate that moves normal to its surface can be severely underestimated during the acceleration phase when conventional methods are used to incorporate the effects of acceleration. These methods often introduce an inviscid added mass force that has its origin in potential flow. However, the flow field around a starting plate quickly diverges from potential flow after the start of the motion due to the continuous creation of vorticity at the plate surface. Following the concept of drag by Burgers (1921 Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet. 23, 774–782), we propose a model to predict the creation of vorticity on the plate surface and its advection into the vortex loop at the plate edges, based on Stokes’ first problem. This model shows that the acceleration drag force is a history force, in contrast to the inviscid added mass force that is proportional to the instantaneous acceleration of the plate. We perform experiments on starting plates over a large range of accelerations, velocities, fluid viscosities and plate geometries for which the model gives accurate predictions for the drag force during acceleration and during the relaxation phase immediately after the acceleration ceases. This model is extended to also predict the drag forces on accelerating plates during a starting motion with a non-constant acceleration.

Dynamics of spheroidal particle migration within the elasto-inertial square duct flow of Giesekus viscoelastic fluids were studied by using the direct forcing/fictitious domain method. The results show rich migration behaviours, a spheroidal particle gradually transitions from the corner (CO), channel centreline (CC), inertial rotational (IR), diagonal line and cross-section midline equilibrium positions with a decrease in the elastic number, depending on the initial particle position, initial particle orientation and fluid elasticity. From the effect of secondary flow, the IR equilibrium position is reported when the fluid inertia is relatively strong. Six (five) kinds of rotational behaviours are observed for the elasto-inertial migration of prolate (oblate) spheroids. Moreover, the critical elastic number is determined for the migration of spheroidal particles in Giesekus fluids. Near the critical elastic number, oblate and prolate spheroids can simultaneously maintain the CC, CO and IR equilibrium positions, and the initial orientation of particles affects their final rotational modes and equilibrium positions. Through comprehensive analysis, empirical formulas governing the ability of oblate and prolate spheroids to maintain the CC equilibrium position are proposed as $\textit{Wi} = 0.055\,\textit{Re}{-0.1}$ and Wi = 0.045 Re−0.35 when n = 0.5, 0.01 ≤ Wi ≤ 1. Due to the different directions of the pressure forces acting on the particles and the forces from the first normal stress difference and the second normal stress difference, the equilibrium position in Giesekus fluids is rapidly increased by increasing the secondary flow at higher elastic numbers, which is contrary to the phenomenon observed in the Oldroyd-B fluid.

Rough walls are commonly encountered in engineering applications. However, existing understanding of combustion in the turbulent boundary layer over rough walls is lacking. This study investigates turbulent boundary layer premixed flame flashback over rough walls using direct numerical simulations for the first time. The features of boundary layer flashback over walls with various roughness are explored in terms of flame morphology and flashback speed. It is found that the flame in rough-wall cases is more wrinkled compared with the smooth-wall case, particularly in the near-wall region, due to the presence of more small-scale vortical structures. Wall roughness reduces the flame flashback speed, which is attributed to the higher flow velocity at the leading edge of the flame front in rough-wall cases. The effects of wall roughness and combustion on boundary layer turbulence are revealed through two-point correlations of fluctuating velocity and wall resistance. The results show that, under non-reacting conditions, wall roughness reduces the streamwise and wall-normal extents of near-wall hairpin packets of boundary layer turbulence while increasing their inclination angles. Under reacting conditions, combustion further increases the inclination angle, with a more pronounced effect in rough-wall cases. Wall roughness influences wall resistance, primarily through its pressure component. Flame/wall interactions are also scrutinised, revealing higher wall heat loss in rough-wall cases, which is is mainly attributed to the increased wall surface area. A negative correlation between the quenching distance and the alignment of flame normal and wall normal is observed in rough-wall cases, which is weaker in smooth-wall cases.

The mixing mechanism within a single vortex has been a theoretical focus for decades, while it remains unclear especially under the variable-density (VD) scenario. This study investigates canonical single-vortex VD mixing in shock–bubble interactions (SBI) through high-resolution numerical simulations. Special attention is paid to examining the stretching dynamics and its impact on VD mixing within a single vortex, and this problem is investigated by quantitatively characterising the scalar dissipation rate (SDR), namely the mixing rate, and its time integral, referred to as mixedness. To study VD mixing, we first examine single-vortex passive-scalar (PS) mixing with the absence of a density difference. Mixing originates from diffusion and is further enhanced by the stretching dynamics. Under the axisymmetry and zero diffusion assumptions, the single-vortex stretching rate illustrates an algebraic growth of the length of scalar strips over time. By incorporating the diffusion process through the solution of the advection–diffusion equation along these stretched scalar strips, a PS mixing model for SDR is proposed based on the single-vortex algebraic stretching characteristic. Within this framework, density-gradient effects from two perspectives of the stretching dynamics and diffusion process are discovered to challenge the extension of the PS mixing model to VD mixing. First, the secondary baroclinic effect increases the VD stretching rate by the additional secondary baroclinic principal strain, while the algebraic stretching characteristic is still retained. Second, the density source effect, originating from the intrinsic nature of the density difference in the multi-component transport equation, suppresses the diffusion process. By accounting for both the secondary baroclinic effect on stretching and the density source effect on diffusion, a VD mixing model for SBI is further modified. This model establishes a quantitative relationship between the stretching dynamics and the evolution of the mixing rate and mixedness for single-vortex VD mixing over a broad range of Mach numbers. Furthermore, the essential role of the stretching dynamics on the mixing rate is demonstrated by the derived dependence of the time-averaged mixing rate $\overline {\langle \chi \rangle }$ on the Péclet number ${\textit{Pe}}$, which scales as $\overline {\langle \chi \rangle } \sim {\textit{Pe}}^{{2}/{3}}$.

In the fully developed region of a plane turbulent wall jet, the key jet parameters, including the jet velocity Um, jet half-width z1/2 and wall shear stress $ \tau_{0}$, follow the classical power-law scaling with the streamwise distance x: Um$v$/M0 ∼ (xM0/$v$2)−α, z1/2M0/$v$2 ∼ (xM0/$v$2)β and $ \tau_{0}$$v$2/(ρ$M_{0}^{2}$) ∼ (xM0/$v$2)−χ, where M0 is the source kinematic momentum flux, $v$ is the coefficient of kinematic viscosity of fluid, ρ is the mass density of fluid and α, β and χ are the positive scaling exponents. We present a theoretical framework to determine these exponents. Our framework reveals that each jet parameter exhibits a scaling transition. This transition is driven by a shift in the scaling law of the skin-friction coefficient as the Reynolds number Rem = Umzm/$v$ changes over from Rem < 8000 to Rem > 10 000, where zm is the wall-normal location corresponding to the jet velocity. Specifically, α transitions from 4(1 + γ)/(9 − γ) to 13(1 + γ)/[2(14 − γ)], β from 8/(9 − γ) to 13/(14 − γ) and χ from (9 + 7γ)/(9 − γ) to (14 + 12γ)/(14 − γ), where γ ≈ 0.05 is a parameter determined from experiments. We validate the theoretical predictions against extensive experimental datasets from the literature.

The dynamics of a fluid flow about its limit cycle can be analysed through phase reduction analysis – an approach that distils a high-dimensional dynamical system to its scalar phase dynamics. This technique provides insights into phase sensitivity, revealing the mechanisms that advance or delay phase dynamics. The phase-based reduced-order model derived from this approach serves as a foundation for identifying lock-on conditions and designing flow control techniques. Recent work by Sumanasiri et al. (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 1020, 2025, R4) applied phase reduction analysis to the fluid–structure interaction problem of aerofoil flutter in a free stream. Their analysis systematically changed the stiffness of the structural dynamics to decipher the phase dynamics mechanism of flutter. Moreover, they considered the use of optimised heaving motion to suppress the emergence of flutter. Their approach opens new avenues for modifying flow physics through innovative modifications of material properties and structural dynamics.

We developed a two-phase lattice Boltzmann model by coupling the entropic multiple-relaxation-time (EMRT or KBC) collision operator enabling low fluid viscosity, with a source term (Wang et al. 2022, Phys. Rev. E vol. 105, no 4) to independently adjust surface tension. The coupling is implemented via the exact difference method (EDM), which allows full consideration of external-force effects on the entropic stabiliser in KBC, in contrast to the recent work of Wang et al. (2022 Phys. Rev. E vol. 105) and Xu et al. (2024 Comput. Math. Appl. vol. 159, 92–101). More importantly, we address a major drawback of the EDM by explicitly demonstrating how its high-order error terms influence the pressure tensor and surface tension. Using the developed model, we investigated droplet impact and splashing on a thin liquid film at a remarkably high Weber number of ${\textit{We}} = 5000$ and Reynolds number of ${\textit{Re}} = 5000$. Droplet impact and splashing on flat surfaces and mesh structures at very high ${\textit{Re}}$ (15 200) and ${\textit{We}}$ (1020) are also studied after validating four representative cases against experiments. For droplet impact on flat surfaces, hydrophobicity promotes the growth of peripheral instabilities, leading to fingering splashing. Corona splashing transitions to fingering splashing as the liquid–gas viscosity ratio increases. For droplet impact on mesh structures, large openings promote liquid penetration, whereas small openings enhance spreading. As the solid ratio increases, the maximum spreading ratio increases monotonically but nonlinearly, whereas the maximum penetrated liquid pillar length first rises and then drops. These simulations demonstrate the proposed model offers significant advantages for accurately capturing and elucidating complex droplet impact and splashing dynamics at high ${\textit{Re}}$ and ${\textit{We}}$.