Gas-encapsulated drops, much like antibubbles, are drops enclosed in a bubble within a liquid. They show potential as payload carriers in fluid transport and mixing techniques where sound waves can be leveraged to induce the collapse of the gas core and the subsequent release of the drop. Here, the interaction of millimetre-sized gas-encapsulated drops with impulsive laser-induced shock waves is investigated to gain fundamental insights into the release process. Experimental synchrotron X-ray phase contrast imaging, which allows the drop dynamics to be visualised inside the encapsulating bubble, is complemented by numerical simulations to study the intricate physics at play. Three drop dynamical release regimes are discovered, namely the drop impact, partial deposition and jet impact regimes. The regime type is mainly dependent on the shape of the bubble interface impacting the drop and the associated Weber and Reynolds numbers. The drop dynamics of the drop impact and partial deposition regimes show similarities with the canonical configuration of drops impacting flat liquid surfaces, whereas the jet impact regime resembles binary drop collisions, which allows existing scaling laws to be applied to describe the underlying processes. The release of the drop is investigated numerically. The time evolution of the drop dissemination within the surrounding liquid discloses enhanced mixing for dynamics involving high Weber and Reynolds numbers such as the drop impact and jet impact regimes.

The lubricated motion of an object near a deformable boundary presents striking subtleties arising from the coupling between the elasticity of the boundary and lubricated flow, including but not limited to the emergence of a lift force acting on the object despite the zero Reynolds number. In this study, we characterize the hydrodynamic forces and torques felt by a sphere translating in close proximity to a fluid interface, separating the viscous medium of the sphere's motion from an infinitely more viscous medium. We employ lubrication theory and perform a perturbation analysis in capillary compliance. The dominant response of the interface owing to surface tension results in a long-ranged interface deformation, which leads to a modification of the forces and torques with respect to the rigid reference case, that we characterize in detail with scaling arguments and numerical integrations.

This paper derives the upper bound on heat transport in supergravitational turbulent thermal convection analytically and numerically. Using a piecewise background profile, the functional inequality analysis delivers a suboptimal bound $Nu\lesssim -({3\sqrt {3}}/{2})({\eta \ln (\eta )}/({1-\eta ^2}))\,Ra^{1/2}$ as $Ra\rightarrow \infty$, where $Nu$ is the Nusselt number, $\eta$ is the radius ratio of the inner cylinder to the outer cylinder ($0<\eta <1$), and $Ra$ is the Rayleigh number. A variational problem yielded from Doering–Constantin–Hopf formalism is solved asymptotically and numerically, which delivers a better upper bound than the piecewise background profile. The asymptotic analysis and numerical data indicate that the current best bound is given by $Nu\leqslant -0.106({\eta \ln (\eta )}/({(1-\eta )(1+\sqrt {\eta })^2}))\,Ra^{1/2}$. Both analytical and numerical results demonstrate that the upper bound can be significantly reduced by the curvature effect. Unlike the traditional Rayleigh–Bénard turbulence, in which the optimal perturbation yielded from the variational problem is always two-dimensional, the present study shows that three-dimensional perturbations, annular perturbations and axisymmetric perturbations can be induced by the curvature effect simultaneously. However, we show that the bound yielded from the three-dimensional variational problem is very close to the axisymmetric situation as $\eta$ increases and $Ra$ increases.

Surface roughness significantly modifies the liquid film thickness entrained when dip coating a solid surface, particularly at low coating velocity. Using a homogenization approach, we present a predictive model for determining the liquid film thickness coated on a rough plate. A homogenized boundary condition at an equivalent flat surface is used to model the rough boundary, accounting for both flow through the rough texture layer, through an interface permeability term, and slip at the equivalent surface. While the slip term accounts for tangential velocity induced by viscous shear stress, accurately predicting the film thickness requires the interface permeability term to account for additional tangential flow driven by pressure gradients along the interface. We find that a greater degree of slip and interface permeability signifies less viscous stress that would promote deposition, thus reducing the amount of free film coated above the textures. The model is found to be in good agreement with experimental measurements, and requires no fitting parameters. Furthermore, our model may be applied to arbitrary periodic roughness patterns, opening the door to flexible characterization of surfaces found in natural and industrial coating processes.

Hydrodynamic interactions between swimming or flying organisms can lead to complex flows on the scale of the group. These emergent fluid dynamics are often more complex than a linear superposition of individual organism flows, especially at intermediate Reynolds numbers. This paper presents an approach to estimate the flow induced by multiple swimmer wakes in proximity using a semianalytical model that conserves mass and momentum in the aggregation. The key equations are derived analytically, while the implementation and solution of these equations are carried out numerically. This model was informed by and compared with empirical measurements of induced vertical migrations of brine shrimp, Artemia salina. The response of individual swimmers to ambient background flow and light intensity was evaluated. In addition, the time-resolved three-dimensional spatial configuration of the swimmers was measured using a recently developed laser scanning system. Numerical results using the model found that the induced flow at the front of the aggregation was insensitive to the presence of downstream swimmers, with the induced flow tending towards asymptotic beyond a threshold aggregation length. Closer swimmer spacing led to higher induced flow speeds, in some cases leading to model predictions of induced flow exceeding swimmer speeds required to maintain a stable spatial configuration. This result was reconciled by comparing two different models for the near-wake of each swimmer. The results demonstrate that aggregation-scale flows result from a complex, yet predictable interplay between individual organism wake structure and aggregation configuration and size.