The classical theory of the interaction of light with the electron clouds of atoms and molecules will be discussed in this chapter. The discussion will begin with the interaction of a steady electric field with a collection of point charges, leading to the development of terms describing the electric dipole and quadrupole moments. The classical Lorentz model is then introduced to describe interaction of an oscillating electric field with the electron cloud of an atom, and the concepts of absorption and emission are introduced. The propagation of a light wave through a medium with electric dipoles is then discussed. Finally, the classical theory of radiation from an oscillating dipole is discussed.

Laser absorption spectroscopy is widely used for sensitive and quantitative detection of trace species. In this chapter, the density-matrix approach is used to introduce laser absorption spectroscopy. Spectroscopic quantities that characterize the absorption process are defined, and the relationships among these quantities are discussed. Broadening processes for spectral line shapes are also discussed, and the Doppler, Voigt, and Galatry profiles are introduced. The chapter concludes with a detailed example calculation featuring NO absorption.

Chapter 13 is a more detailed examination of current offshore turbine foundations including fixed-base and floating platforms. The former category includes gravity caissons, monopiles, and jackets, with the comparative advantages of each type assessed in regard to water depth and wind turbine size. Weight comparisons are made for of installed arrays. The monopile is described in detail, including review of transition piece integrity, and analysis of seabed reaction. The Winkler p-y analysis method is described, with extreme load results given for a monopile at Horns Rev 1. A review of jacket foundations includes description of pin pile and suction bucket anchors. The section concludes with details of less common fixed foundation types. The section on floating foundations begins with a general stability analysis for free-floating platforms, with formulae derived for static pitch/roll stiffness and frequency. Spar buoy, semisubmersible, and TLP platforms are described, and experimental measurements for the Hywind spar buoy are presented. The chapter concludes with description and analysis of catenary mooring systems, with equations given for horizontal mooring tension and stiffness.

This chapter introduces the molecular communication paradigm in detail. It introduces a general model for molecular communication and gives the general characteristics of this model, which inform both design decisions and applications.

The interaction of electromagnetic radiation with single-photon resonances in diatomic molecules is discussed in this chapter. The properties of the electric dipole moment of the molecule are determined primarily by the electron cloud that binds the two nuclei together, and these properties can be understood by considering a reference frame fixed to the molecule. However, the response of the molecule must be averaged over all possible orientations of the molecule in the laboratory frame. Using irreducible spherical tensors greatly simplifies the orientation averaging of the molecular response. The Born–Oppenheimer approximation is invoked to initially account for the effect of the electronic, vibrational, and rotational modes of the molecule. Corrections are applied to account for the coupling and interactions of the different modes, including Herman–Wallis effects. Tables of rotational line strengths are presented for singlet, doublet, and triplet electronic transitions. These tables incorporate the use of Hund’s case (a) basis state wavefunctions for increased insight into radiative interactions for levels intermediate between Hund’s cases (a) and (b).

This chapter is an overview of wind power meterorology at a relatively simple level without too much mathematical complexity. The origins of the wind are explained in the action of solar thermal radiation on the atmosphere, and the equation is given for the geostrophic wind at the top of the earth’s boundary layer. The role of the boundary layer in creating wind shear and turbulence near the earth’s surface is explained, and appropriate engineering equations given to allow wind speed and turbulence to be estimated. Surface roughness and its relationship to turbulence and shear are explained. Experimental measurements are used to illustrate shear and turbulence for a range of different terrain types. The time and space dependency of wind speeds is also illustrated with site measurements, showing the long-term dependability of annual wind speeds, through the more variable monthly averages, to short-term turbulent variation. Gust factor is explained and illustrated as a function of turbulence intensity. The chapter includes high-resolution wind measurements taken during a storm in the Scottish Outer Hebrides, illustrating the extreme levels of turbulence arising in complex terrain.

This chapter introduces detailed mathematical modelling for biological molecular communication systems, particularly for ligand–receptor systems. Models for chemical kinetics are introduced, including the master equation, and these are applied to membrane ion channels. Simulation of these systems is also discussed.

Chapter 8 focuses on rotor blade technology, covering design, materials, manufacture, and testing. The role of fibre-reinforced composites is discussed, examining their superior mechanical and manufacturing properties. Their property of anisotropy enables composites to be tailored to match the direction of principle stresses in the most material-efficient way. Blade structural design is illustrated using bending theory for a cantilever beam, with stress and strain equations developed for a composite structure. The importance of section thickness and cross sectional geometry are illustrated using the SERI/NREL blade profiles. An overview of blade attachment methods considers adhesive bonded root studs, T-bolts, and embedded studs that are integrated during the blade moulding process. Most large blades are nowadays manufactured by vacuum resin infusion moulding (VRIM) and the chapter includes a description of this technique. There is a section on wood-laminate blades, which are still used in some applications, and comments on blade balancing and testing. The chapter concludes with a review of blade weight and technology trends based on some historic commmercial blade designs.

The introductory chapter is a brief recap on the history and origins of wind power, from windmills in ancient times to today’s multi-megawatt turbines. Energy security has arguably been the historic driver for wind power, and it was a primary source of mechanical power until the advent of the Industrial revolution when it was superceded by coal and oil. The first electricity generating wind turbines were built in the late nineteenth centry, and the technology was pursued most vigorously in Denmark, a country with limited energy reserves: the role of this country in creating the modern wind turbine is described. The worldwide energy crisis of the 1970s brought wind power into the frame internationally, and the pivotal role of legislation under President Carter in expanding the market for wind energy in the US and elsewhere is outlined. Since then the rationale for wind power has expanded to include climate change and the technology has grown exponentially in terms of global installation of wind power and the physical size of wind turbines. The chapter concludes by introducing some of the technological steps that have enabled this process, and which are detailed in subsequent chapters.

This chapter discusses how biological components can be designed and engineered as part of a molecular communication system. Building on material given in earlier chapters, the engineering of individual biochemical components such as proteins, DNA, liposomes, and individual cells is discussed.