We examine the gravity-driven flow of a thin film of viscous fluid spreading over a rigid plate that is lubricated by another viscous fluid. We model the flow over such a ‘soft’ substrate by applying the principles of lubrication theory, assuming that vertical shear provides the dominant resistance to the flow. We do so in axisymmetric and two-dimensional geometries in settings in which the flow is self-similar. Different flow regimes arise, depending on the values of four key dimensionless parameters. As the viscosity ratio varies, the behaviour of the intruding layer ranges from that of a thin coating film, which exerts negligible traction on the underlying layer, to a very viscous gravity current spreading over a low-viscosity, near-rigid layer. As the density difference between the two layers approaches zero, the nose of the intruding layer steepens, approaching a shock front in the equal-density limit. We characterise a frontal stress singularity, which forms near the nose of the intruding layer, by performing an asymptotic analysis in a small neighbourhood of the front. We find from our asymptotic analysis that unlike single-layer viscous gravity currents, which exhibit a cube-root frontal singularity, the nose of a viscous gravity current propagating over another viscous fluid instead exhibits a square-root singularity, to leading order. We also find that large differences in the densities between the two fluids give rise to flows similar to that of thin films of a single viscous fluid spreading over a rigid, yet mobile, substrate.

We investigate the turbulence below a quasi-flat free surface, focusing on the energy transport in space and across scales. We leverage a large zero-mean-flow tank where homogeneous turbulence is generated by randomly actuated jets. A wide range of Reynolds number is spanned, reaching sufficient scale separation for the emergence of an inertial sub-range. Unlike previous studies, the forcing extends through the source layer, although the surface deformation remains millimetric. Particle image velocimetry along a surface-normal plane resolves from the dissipative to the integral scales. The contributions to turbulent kinetic energy from both vertical and horizontal components of velocity approach the prediction based on rapid distortion theory as the Reynolds number is increased, indicating that discrepancies among previous studies are likely due to differences in the forcing. At odds with the theory, however, the integral scale of the horizontal fluctuations grows as the surface is approached. This is rooted in the profound influence exerted by the surface on the inter-scale energy transfer: along horizontal separations, the direct cascade of energy in horizontal fluctuations is hindered, while an inverse cascade of that in vertical fluctuations is established. This is connected to the structure of upwellings and downwellings. The former, characterized by somewhat larger spatial extent and stronger intensity, are associated with extensional surface-parallel motions. They thus transfer energy to the larger horizontal scales, prevailing over downwellings which favour the compression (and concurrent vertical stretching) of the eddies. Both types of structures extend to depths between the integral scale and the Taylor microscale.

Stall cells are transverse cellular patterns that often appear on the suction side of airfoils near stalling conditions. Wind-tunnel experiments on a NACA4412 airfoil at Reynolds number ${Re}=3.5 \times 10^5$ show that they appear for angles of attack larger than $\alpha = 11.5^{\circ }\ (\pm 0.5^{\circ })$. Their onset is further investigated based on global stability analyses of turbulent mean flows computed with the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. Using the classical Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model and following Plante et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 908, 2021, A16), we first show that a three-dimensional stationary mode becomes unstable for a critical angle of attack $\alpha = 15.5^{\circ }$ which is much larger than in the experiments. A data-consistent RANS model is then proposed to reinvestigate the onset of these stall cells. Through an adjoint-based data-assimilation approach, several corrections in the turbulence model equation are identified to minimize the differences between assimilated and reference mean-velocity fields, the latter reference field being extracted from direct numerical simulations. Linear stability analysis around the assimilated mean flow obtained with the best correction is performed first using a perturbed eddy-viscosity approach which requires the linearization of both RANS and turbulence model equations. The three-dimensional stationary mode becomes unstable for angle $\alpha = 11^{\circ }$ which is in significantly better agreement with the experimental results. The interest of this perturbed eddy-viscosity approach is demonstrated by comparing with results of two frozen eddy-viscosity approaches that neglect the perturbation of the eddy viscosity. Both approaches predict the primary destabilization of a higher-wavenumber mode which is not experimentally observed. Uncertainties in the stability results are quantified through a sensitivity analysis of the stall cell mode's eigenvalue with respect to residual mean-flow velocity errors. The impact of the correction field on the results of stability analysis is finally assessed.

This experimental study employs Bayesian optimisation to maximise the cross-flow (transverse) flow-induced vibration (FIV) of an elastically mounted thin elliptical cylinder by implementing axial (or angular) flapping motions. The flapping amplitude was in proportion to the vibration amplitude, with a relative phase angle imposed between the angular and transverse displacements of the cylinder. The control parameter space spanned over the ranges of proportional gain and phase difference of $0 \leq K_p^* \leq 5$ and $0 \leq \phi _d \leq 360^\circ$, respectively, over a reduced velocity range of $3.0 \leqslant {U^*} = U/({{f_{nw}}} b) \leqslant 8.5$. The corresponding Reynolds number range was $1250 \leqslant {{Re}} =(U b)/\nu \leqslant 3580$. Here, $U$ is the free stream velocity, $b$ is the major cross-sectional diameter of the cylinder, ${{f_{nw}}}$ is the natural frequency of the system in quiescent fluid (water) and $\nu$ is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. It was found that the controlled body rotation extended the wake-body synchronisation across the entire ${U^*}$ range tested, with a larger amplitude response than the non-rotating case for all flow speeds. Interestingly, two new wake-body synchronisation regimes were identified, which have not been reported in previous studies. As this geometry acts as a ‘hard-oscillator’ for ${U^*} \geqslant 6.3$, an adaptive gain (i.e. one that varies as a function of oscillation amplitude) was also implemented, allowing the body vibration, achieved for a non-rotating cylinder using increasing ${U^*}$ increments, to be excited from rest. The findings of the present study hold potential implications for the use of FIV as a means to efficiently extract energy from free-flowing water sources, a topic of increasing interest over the last decade.

We experimentally investigate the effect of Reynolds number ($Re$) on the turbulence induced by the motion of bubbles in a quiescent Newtonian fluid at small $Re$. The energy spectra, $E(k)$, are determined from the decaying turbulence behind the bubble swarm obtained using particle image velocimetry. We show that when $Re \sim O(100)$, the slope of the normalized energy spectra is no longer independent of the gas volume fraction and the $k^{-3}$ subrange is significantly narrower, where $k$ is the wavenumber. This is further corroborated using second-order longitudinal velocity structure function and spatial correlation of the velocity behind the bubble swarm. On further decreasing the bubble Reynolds number ($O(1) < Re < O(10)$), the signature $k^{-3}$ of the energy spectra for the bubble-induced turbulence is replaced by $k^{-5/3}$ scaling. Thus, we provide experimental evidence to the claim by Mazzitelli et al. (Phys. Fluids, vol. 15, 2003, pp. L5–L8) that at low Reynolds numbers the normalized energy spectra of the bubble-induced turbulence will no longer show the $k^{-3}$ scaling because of the absence of bubble wake and that the energy spectra will depend on the number of bubbles, thus being non-universal.

This study conducts experimental investigations into wake-induced vibration (WIV) of a circular cylinder placed downstream of an oscillating cylinder. Surprisingly, it is observed that the previously identified WIV phenomenon, characterized by a sustained increase in amplitude at higher reduced velocities, does not occur when the upstream cylinder oscillates at large amplitudes. Instead, a different phenomenon, which we refer to as the ‘wake-captured vibration’, becomes dominant. The experiments reveal a negative correlation between the vortex-induced vibration amplitude response of the upstream cylinder and the WIV amplitude response of the downstream cylinder. Through a quasi-steady and linear instability analysis, the study demonstrates that the previously proposed wake-displacement mechanism may not be applicable for predicting the cylinder WIV response in the wake of an oscillating body. This is because the lift force gradients across the wake, measured through stationary cylinder experiments, decrease significantly when the upstream cylinder vibrates at higher amplitudes. Consequently, actively controlled vibration experiments are conducted to systematically map the hydrodynamic properties of the downstream cylinder vibrating in the wake of an oscillating cylinder. The findings align with observations from free-vibration experiments, and help to explain the amplitude and frequency response of WIV. Additionally, wake visualization through particle image velocimetry is conducted to provide further insights into the complex wake and vortex–body interactions.

We study the two-dimensional creeping flow of a viscoelastic fluid around a cylinder confined between two plates parallel to its axis. First, we solve the governing equations under steady state with our novel stabilized finite-element formulation to obtain converged solutions even at very high Weissenberg numbers. Then, we examine the stability of this solution by perturbing all flow variables and solving the corresponding eigenvalue problem. At critical conditions, a stable asymmetric flow arises, in which more fluid passes from either the upper or the lower gap between the cylinder and the channel wall. Both shear-thinning and elasticity play a crucial role on the onset and subsequent evolution of the instability. Energy analysis shows that the terms of the constitutive equation corresponding to apparent strain-rate thinning and material extensibility are responsible for the flow destabilization. The instability is present at a wider range of flow conditions when the material is more elastic and when the solvent contribution is smaller. The instability is also promoted by increasing the confinement. Beyond the critical conditions, asymmetric flow profiles vanish when the flow is so intense that thinning effects are not important anymore. The critical Weissenberg number for instability inception and cessation depends on material properties and geometry exponentially and linearly, respectively. Furthermore, the instability arises even in a seemingly non-shear-thinning fluid, i.e. one with constant shear viscosity in simple shear, when the solvent contribution is minimal, because of the apparent thinning effect that is created by the convection of the viscoelastic stresses. Finally, models with extension-rate thinning trigger the instability at limited flow conditions, when the shear viscosity decreases with the shear rate, and the normal stresses at the wake of the cylinder are still important. These results agree with previous experiments and simulations, and give new insights on the physical mechanism that triggers this flow instability.

In the astrophysics community it is common practice to model collisionless dust, entrained in a gas flow, as a pressureless fluid. However, a pressureless fluid is fundamentally different from a collisionless fluid – the latter of which generically possess a non-zero anisotropic pressure or stress tensor. In this paper we derive a fluid model for collisionless dust, entrained in a turbulent gas, starting from the equations describing the motion of individual dust grains. We adopt a covariant formulation of our model to allow for the geometry and coordinate systems prevalent in astrophysics, and provide a closure valid for the accretion disc context. We show that the continuum mechanics properties of a dust fluid corresponds to a higher-dimensional anisotropic Maxwell fluid, after the extra dimensions are averaged out, with a dynamically important rheological stress tensor. This higher-dimensional treatment has the advantage of keeping the dust velocity and velocity of the fluid seen, and their respective moments, on the same footing. This results in a simplification of the constitutive relation describing the evolution of the dust rheological stress.

The reactive Navier–Stokes equations with adaptive mesh refinement and a detailed chemical reactive mechanism (11 species, 27 steps) were adopted to investigate a detonation engine considering the injection and supersonic mixing processes. Flame acceleration and deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) in a premixed/inhomogeneous supersonic hydrogen–air mixture with and without transverse jet obstacles were addressed. Results demonstrate the difficulty in undergoing DDT in the premixed/inhomogeneous supersonic mixture within a smooth chamber. By contrast, multiple transverse jets injected into the chamber aid detonation transition by introducing perturbed vortices, shock waves and a suitable blockage ratio. Increasing distance between the leading shock and the flame tip impedes detonation transition due to an insufficient blockage ratio. The extremely perturbed distributions of fuel-lean and fuel-rich mixtures lead to more complicated flame structures. Also, a larger flame thickness appears in the inhomogeneous mixture compared with the premixed mixture, resulting in a lower combustion temperature. The key findings are that the DDT, detonation quenching and reinitiation are generated in the inhomogeneous supersonic mixture, but both DDT mechanisms are ascribed to a strong Mach stem with the Zel'dovich gradient mechanism. Additionally, the obtained results demonstrate that an intensely fuel-lean mixture (equivalence ratio = 0.15) results in a partially decoupled flame front. However, detonation reinitiation and subsequent self-sustained detonation occur when a fierce shock wave propagates through a highly sensitive mixture, even within a smaller and elongated area. Moreover, the inhomogeneous mixture also augments the propagation speed and detonation cell structure instabilities and delays the sonic point resulting from the extending non-equilibrium reaction.