Microplastics are found in all oceanic environments and represent a growing concern for researchers and managers of marine environments. A systematic review was carried out to investigate the accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in filter feeders, focusing on the potential relationship between the feeding mechanism and MPs’ accumulation. The accumulation of microplastics was compared among marine benthic filter feeders that use different filtering mechanisms. Rayyan® software was employed to screen the articles, and data extraction was subsequently carried out. The review followed well-structured protocol PRISMA 2020 guidelines to guarantee methodological rigor and minimize biases. Due to the high heterogeneity (Higgins I2 test, I2 > 95%) of data methodologies, a narrative synthesis was used as the output of the review. Most publications report microplastics in mollusks (oysters, mussels, and clams), and bivalves were the group most studied (76.67%). Sponges (91 to 612 items g – 1 DW) and polychaetes (1 to 880 items g–1 WW) had the highest number of MPs. Although it is possible to establish relationships between feeding mechanisms and MPs accumulation, using distinct methodologies makes comparing the results of different studies difficult, leading to an urgent call for standardizing methods for microplastic studies in marine organisms.

Morphological examination of recently collected barnacle specimens confirms the presence of Tesseropora atlantica (Cirripedia, Balanomorpha, Tetraclitidae) along the coastlines of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, the easternmost islands of the Canary Archipelago. This constitutes the first documented occurrence of T. atlantica in the Canary Islands and establishes a new southern range limit for this relict species in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Additionally, 16S and COI mitochondrial gene sequences were obtained for the first time for this species, allowing comparisons with related taxa. The study also explores plausible hypotheses concerning the species’ arrival in the Canary Islands.

This study aims to determine the age and growth of Anguilla anguilla from Lake Bafa, Türkiye. A total of 128 samples of European eel were purchased from a small-scale fisherman who caught them in Lake Bafa in November 2016 and 2017, using 34-mm mesh size and 15-m-long fyke nets. The total length (TL) and total weight were measured, and the sex, age, and life stage were identified. The mean TL for females was 54.1 ± 10.1 (36.1–76.2) cm, and for males 43.6 ± 3.7 (35.7–47.8) cm. Yellow and silver eel mean TLs were 48.9 ± 6.6 (35.7–63.7) and 61.9 ± 10.8 (39.9–77.2) cm, respectively, and for pooled data 53.3 ± 10.3 (35.7–77.2) cm. The growth for pooled samples was positive allometric. The age of eels varied from 2 to 9 years. The Von Bertalanffy growth parameters for pooled specimens were determined as L∞ = 71.9 cm, K = 0.25, and t0 = −0.11. The sex ratio (M:F = 1:11.2) was biased in favour of females. It is inferred from this and other studies that eels in Türkiye have comparable length and age distributions in similar habitats.

Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the response of stevia to several herbicide modes of action applied 2 wk after transplanting (WAP). At 1 wk after treatment (WAT), aciflourfen, metribuzin, and carfentrazone injured stevia 34 to 39%. In contrast, S-metolachlor, linuron, halosufluron, ethalfluralin, pyroxasulfone, pendimethalin, and tryfloxysulfuron injured stevia <20%, 1 WAT. By 4 WAT, stevia injury was ≤ 19% regardless of treatment, except metribuzin and trifloxysulfuron with 84 and 69% injury, respectively. S-metolachlor, linuron, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, and pyroxasulfone did not reduce aboveground biomass compared to the nontreated check, 4 WAT. Linuron, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, and pyroxasulfone did not reduce belowground biomass. Linuron, pendimethalin, and ethalfluralin may provide new modes of action for POST-transplant weed management in stevia. However, further research is needed to evaluate the effect of these herbicides on stevia growth and quality in the field.

High BMI is an important risk factor for female colon and rectal, ovarian and uterine cancers. Current comprehensive studies on its effects on these cancers are limited. This paper aims to explore regional and age differences in the impact of high BMI on these cancers and the commonalities among the three by using the Global Burden of Disease 2021. Deaths, disability-adjusted life years and their age-standardised rates for these cancers were retrieved from 1990 to 2021, and burden trends were assessed using the estimated annual percentage change and percentage changes. The study also analysed the correlation between age-standardised rate and socio-demographic index across twenty-one regions and projected future disease burden trends using the Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort model. Results showed that the global burden of female colon and rectal cancer declined since 1990 but remained at the highest level among the three cancers in 2021. At the same time, these three cancers had high burdens in high-income areas. Since 1990, ovarian and uterine cancer burdens attributable to high BMI increased, and all three burdens grew fastest in low-middle-income regions and among younger people. The burden of all three is projected to continue increasing through 2050. This study confirms that high BMI’s impact on these cancers is regional and age-specific, with long-term effects. Therefore, subsequent public health interventions should adopt more targeted obesity prevention and control strategies based on national and regional situations to effectively mitigate the adverse effects of high BMI on these cancers.

Age is the main risk factor for many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Despite our limited understanding of cellular mechanisms of ageing-associated neuronal loss, an increasing number of studies demonstrate that oxidative stress and inflammation are key drivers. Epidemiological studies indicate that diet during middle adulthood can influence the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases later in life, so it is important to investigate dietary interventions to combat oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study, we hypothesised that treatment with fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid with strong antioxidant properties, prevents ageing-associated oxidative stress that is known to be related to natural brain ageing. Treatment with fucoxanthin protected rat primary hippocampal neurons against oxidative stress and ageing in vitro. In our in vivo study, middle-aged male Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with fucoxanthin (1 mg/kg, 5 d/week, n 6) or vehicle (n 6) for 4 weeks. After supplementation was completed, brain samples were harvested and subjected to quantitative and bioinformatic analyses. Fucoxanthin was detected and shown to decrease lipid peroxidation in the brains of the animals supplemented with fucoxanthin. Microarray analysis showed that treatment with fucoxanthin changed 5602 genes. Together, our results suggest that treatment with fucoxanthin prevents ageing-associated oxidative stress and is capable of regulating genes that potentially ameliorate age-related changes to the brain.

Promoting sustainable agriculture in the semiarid, rainfed areas of central Spain requires understanding how weed populations respond to different cropping systems and evaluating the economic profitability of these systems. A 6-yr field experiment compared three systems: a no-till barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) monoculture with fertilizers and herbicides (NT); a 2-yr rotation of grain legume or false flax [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] followed by barley, with reduced tillage and agrochemicals (MW); and a 3-yr fallow–grain legume–barley rotation under organic practices (ORG). Results showed that NT consistently provided the most effective weed control, reducing total weed density by 79% to 84% compared with ORG over the last 3 yr of the study. MW also significantly reduced total weed density by 11% to 75% relative to ORG, although some species increased. ORG was the least effective system, with weed densities reaching 395 plants m−2 and the lowest control efficacy. Weed population dynamics varied by management. Rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) was effectively controlled in NT through a consistent annual herbicide program and in MW by combining periodic tillage with targeted herbicide applications; however, it was extremely difficult to manage in ORG. Corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) increased over time in all systems, while other species showed no clear trends. Weed species diversity was lowest in NT, with mean species richness reduced by 34% to 39% compared with ORG and by 13% to 17% compared with MW. Economic analysis revealed the highest adjusted net returns in MW and the lowest in ORG, driven by differences in crop sequences, yields, and subsidies from the European Common Agricultural Policy. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing weed management in rainfed cereal systems, highlighting the importance of integrated approaches that balance effective weed control, crop productivity, and economic viability.

According to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, low-birthweight (LBW) infants are programmed to seek additional resources as compensation for early deprivation. However, no study has yet explored this in the context of delay discounting (DD), which refers to the tendency to prefer smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed ones. Both prenatal factors, such as LBW, and postnatal factors, including adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and exposure to natural disasters, may influence DD. To investigate whether LBW children seek larger future rewards, we analyzed LBW’s effect on DD, accounting for ACEs and natural disaster exposure. This prospective cohort study involved 167 children from areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE), with a mean age of 8.3 years at the time of the DD experiment. LBW was assessed in the 2012 baseline questionnaire using the Mother-Child Handbook, along with ACEs prior to the GEJE and traumatic earthquake experiences. In 2014, DD was assessed through a token-based experiment where children allocated tokens for either immediate rewards (one candy per token for “now”) or delayed rewards (two candies per token for “one month later”). Our results showed that children with LBW and three or more ACEs exhibited lower DD, while traumatic earthquake experiences were not associated with DD. These findings suggest that children with LBW and multiple ACEs may develop adaptive strategies to seek more resources, indicating a responsive reward system to childhood adversity, even after exposure to a severe natural disaster.

Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea Roshev.), a widespread and troublesome weed in rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields, is typically controlled using imazamox in imidazolinone-tolerant rice fields. However, suspected resistance to imazamox has emerged in weedy rice populations in Jiangsu Province, China. This study aimed to evaluate the degree of resistance and investigate the resistance mechanisms. A whole-plant bioassay was performed on 35 weedy rice populations, demonstrating that 26 populations developed resistance to imazamox. The effective dose values causing 50% inhibition of growth reduction (GR50) in resistant (R) populations ranged from 129.2 to 280.2 g ai ha−1, exceeding the recommended application rate of imazamox (120 g ai ha−1) in imazamox-tolerant rice fields. R populations displayed cross-resistance to other acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides, except for certain sulfonylurea herbicides. Sequencing of the ALS gene identified a Ser-653-Asn substitution in resistant populations. A novel derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) method was developed for the rapid and efficient detection of the Ser-653-Asn mutation in O. sativa f. spontanea. In vitro ALS activity assays revealed that the imazamox concentration required to inhibit 50% (IC50) of ALS activity was 80.0- to 88.3-fold higher in R populations compared with a susceptible (S) population. After imazamox treatment, the ALS expression levels in both the S and R populations of weedy rice increased. Resistance was not reversed by cytochrome P450 oxidase system (CYP450) or glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors, suggesting that metabolic resistance mechanisms were not involved. In conclusion, weedy rice developed a different resistance level to imazamox, and the Ser-653-Asn mutation in the target ALS was the main reason. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to reveal the mechanism of resistance to imazamox in weedy rice in China.

Adult trematodes of two species of the genus Plagiorchis were found in the southern Far East of Russia: one species in the intestine of a naturally infected Japanese large-footed bat (Myotis macrodactylus) and the other in a golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) experimentally infected with metacercariae collected from a stonefly. On the basis of morphological and molecular studies, the trematode individuals found in the bat were identified as Plagiorchis koreanus, which confirms that this species is cosmopolitan. The trematodes reared in the hamster were similar in their morphological features to the European Plagiorchis eutamiatis. However, due to the lack of nucleotide sequences for this species from the type region, the southern Far East of Russia trematodes, found in this study, were provisionally designated as Plagiorchis cf. eutamiatis. In addition, the phylogenetic reconstruction based on a mitochondrial marker revealed inconsistency of the data obtained from cercariae diagnosed as a single species, Plagiorchis elegans. Our data also indicate that the specimens available in the NCBI database referred to as Plagiorchis multiglandularis and Plagiorchis neomidis belong to the same species.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of infant formula supplements on Bifidobacterium level in the infant gut through a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Systematic review included PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL to identify RCTs evaluating the effects of formulas supplemented with prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, β-palmitic acid, or combinations of β-palmitic acid with prebiotics on infant gut Bifidobacterium levels. A meta-analysis compared bifidogenic effects to standard formula. The main outcome was the relative abundance (RA) of Bifidobacterium in fecal samples measured by various microbiota assessment techniques, with effect sizes as mean differences and standard deviations. An overall effect estimate was derived using a random-effects model. NMA assessed formula effects using breastfeeding as the reference.

Nineteen studies were included. Compared to standard formula, supplementation with prebiotics (p < 0.0001), synbiotics (p < 0.0001), β-palmitic acid (p = 0.0005), or β-palmitic acid combined with prebiotics (p < 0.0001) significantly increased Bifidobacterium levels in the infant gut. Probiotic supplementation showed no significant effect (p = 0.9755). NMA and p-score ranking, comparing formulas to breastmilk, indicated that prebiotic-supplemented formulas with the lowest ranking p-score (0.2764), most closely resembled breastfeeding’s bifidogenic effect. However, prebiotics and probiotics were analyzed as broad categories, and group variability may affect outcomes. In conclusion, formula supplementation with prebiotics, synbiotics, β-palmitic acid, or combinations of β-palmitic acid with prebiotics increased the RA of Bifidobacterium in infant’s gut, with prebiotic formula most closely mimicking the bifidogenic effects of breastfeeding.

Spread of invasive species can be impacted by their mode of reproduction (asexual vs. sexual) as well as the mating system (outcrossing vs. selfing). This is especially the case in the evergreen wintercreeper vine [Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Maz.], which was originally brought to the United States for horticultural purposes and is now considered invasive across the Midwest. Wild wintercreeper populations consist primarily of a single polyploid genotype, the ornamental ‘Coloratus’ cultivar, but it is still unknown how this species produces its fruit during the fall. We examined the reproductive mode and mating system of wintercreeper by collecting leaves and fruits from 12 wild plants in an urban location of Cincinnati, OH. In this genetic survey, we used microsatellite markers to identify the pollen donor of each embryo within the seeds. Polyembryony was relatively common, with 37.4% of seeds each containing two to four embryos. Many of the 382 embryos extracted were produced asexually through apomixis (50.0%) or were sexual products of outcross fertilization (34.3%) or self-fertilization (15.7%). In seeds with multiple embryos, larger embryos were most likely to be outcrossed, with winged burning bush [Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold ‘Compactus’] as the most likely pollen donor, and apomixis increasing in successively smaller embryos. Single embryos within seeds were more often outcross fertilized (52%). The fact that all wild adult wintercreeper plants consist of a single genotype is consistent with the production of these apomictic offspring. However, lack of sexually produced wild plants, despite their appearance in the embryonic stage, warrants further study. This is the first report of polygamous apomixis in this species, and research is continuing into how this reproductive strategy may influence invasive spread of the species.

Kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott] is an invasive species in the High Plains of the United States that poses formidable management challenges in agricultural systems, primarily due to its evolution of resistance to glyphosate. Resistance is due to a transposon-associated increase in 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene copy number relative to the sensitive biotype. Factors behind the rapid spread of glyphosate-resistant biotypes are likely associated with certain aspects of B. scoparia biology, such as a protogynous flower morphology producing large amounts of pollen, that encourages outcrossing and favors high genetic diversity. Furthermore, its ability to tumble over long distances ensures a rapid spread of the resistance trait. Herein, we explore glyphosate resistance in B. scoparia in Colorado. There was no difference in EPSPS gene (Type I, Type II) and FAR1 copy numbers between parent and progeny B. scoparia populations across multiple years (2018, 2020, and 2022), suggesting stable inheritance of glyphosate resistance. Further, the inheritance of glyphosate resistance was investigated using three specific microsatellites or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers viz. 2656, 2896, and 1792. SSR marker analysis revealed an outcrossing rate of 78% and a selfing rate of 22% in B. scoparia progeny. By investigating the complex interplay between B. scoparia’s biology and genetics, this study investigates the inheritance of glyphosate resistance in B. scoparia, estimates the outcrossing rate under field conditions, and underscores the importance of developing effective management strategies to mitigate its impact on agricultural ecosystems.

Certain plant species have the potential to establish themselves in agricultural fields, especially when they are already present nearby. Their spread can be influenced by improper management or intentional and unintentional introduction. Recently, cut-leaved gipsywort (Lycopus exaltatus L.) has been increasingly present in some row crops, where it was previously found only along field edges and irrigation channels, with no data about their presence in crops. Currently, no effective control methods for this rhizomatous species have been reported. To address this, 11 herbicides commonly used for weed management in major crops were evaluated in greenhouse studies. These included bentazon, dicamba, foramsulfuron, glyphosate, halauxifen-methyl, imazamox, mesotrione, nicosulfuron, tembotrione, thifensulfuron-methyl, and tribenuron-methyl. A dose-response study was conducted to identify the most effective option for cut-leaved gipsywort control using existing crop protection products. The study evaluated percentage reductions in dry biomass and canopy cover. The results suggest that bentazon, as the only nonsystemic herbicide, was least effective in controlling cut-leaved gipsywort with an effective dose (ED90) estimated at 1.5 × of the recommended labeled rate, or 2,205 g ai ha−1. Plants exposed to dicamba exhibited no regrowth at the field-use rate. Cut-leaved gipsywort may regrow when foramsulfuron, mesotrione, nicosulfuron, and tembotrione are applied at the recommended field-use rates. Halauxifen-methyl and imazamox were most effective, with estimated ED90 values of 0.21 × (0.85 g ai ha−1) and 0.4 × (16.14 g ai ha−1), respectively, which are lower than the recommended labeled rates. Although reduced rates are not recommended because good herbicide stewardship practices should aim to prevent the development of herbicide resistance, with both halauxifen-methyl and imazamox, cut-leaved gipsywort exhibited no regrowth when one-half of the recommended labeled rates were applied.

In-crop site-specific weed recognition systems have enabled precise and selective use of alternative nonchemical weed control technologies to provide much-needed support for weed management programs in large-scale cropping systems. Laser weeding has long been proposed, but only recently has it been commercialized as a highly precise, nonchemical weed control option for cropping systems. The weed control efficacy of several laser types (e.g., CO2, diode, fiber, and Nd:YAG) has been identified; however, no studies have investigated the use of readily available, high-power, low-cost consumer-grade laser diode arrays. The weed control efficacy of a 97-W, 445-nm laser diode array was investigated with the aims of evaluating 1) the irradiation energy requirement (as determined by treatment duration) of spot laser treatments required to control key grass (rigid ryegrass) and broadleaf (wild radish) weeds and 2) the influence of growth stage on energy requirement for annual ryegrass and wild radish control. Seedlings of rigid ryegrass and wild radish at growth stage 1 (GS1) were controlled by low laser energy densities of 0.2 to 0.5 J mm−2. As plant size increased, the energy densities required to control the seedlings increased substantially. For example, 2.0 J mm−2 was required to control GS4 rigid ryegrass, representing a 10-fold increase over that required for GS1 seedlings. Similarly aged but substantially larger wild radish seedlings remained mostly uncontrolled by 2.0 J mm−2 treatments. Wild radish was consistently more tolerant of laser treatments than annual ryegrass, but this difference was likely due to the more rapid growth rate that resulted in larger plants at the time of treatment, especially during warmer growing conditions. These results clearly define the potential for laser weeding using laser diode arrays and also identify the need for additional testing across a wider range of weed species with higher-powered, affordable diode arrays.

The genus Bursaphelenchus has attracted significant attention due to its economically devastating and quarantined species – notably the pine wood nematode B. xylophilus and B. cocophilus. Despite their ecological and agricultural importance, genomic data for this genus remain scarce. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the complete mitochondrial genomes of three Bursaphelenchus species (B. chengi, B. parantoniae, and B. sinensis) using high-throughput sequencing. The circular mitogenomes exhibited size variation, with B. chengi (17,670 bp), B. parantoniae (15,021 bp), and B. sinensis (18,386 bp) each containing the typical nematode mitochondrial gene complement: 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated amino acid sequences of the 12 PCGs revealed that these species form a sister clade to B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus. Comparative mitogenomic analysis demonstrated a conserved gene arrangement shared among Bursaphelenchus, Aphelenchoides, Caenorhabditis, Cruznema tripartitum, and Pristionchus pacificus, suggesting strong evolutionary conservatism across the families Aphelenchoididae, Neodiplogasteridae, and Rhabditidae. Our study enriched the mitochondrial genomic resources for Bursaphelenchus and advanced resolution of their intrageneric phylogenetic relationships.

This review comprehensively examines the current evidence on the dietary management of chronic constipation, and the dietary recommendations presented in clinical guidelines for chronic constipation. Several randomised controlled trials (RCT) have investigated the effect of dietary supplements, foods and drinks in chronic constipation. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of these RCTs have demonstrated that psyllium supplements, specific probiotic supplements, magnesium oxide supplements, kiwifruits, prunes, rye bread and high mineral water content may be effective in the management of constipation. However, despite the plethora of evidence, current clinical guidelines only offer a limited number of dietary recommendations. The most commonly recommended dietary strategy in clinical guidelines is dietary fibre, followed by senna supplements and psyllium supplements. The least commonly recommended dietary strategies are magnesium oxide, Chinese herbal supplements, prunes and high mineral-content water. Several evidence-based dietary strategies are omitted by current clinical guidelines (e.g. kiwifruits), while some strategies that are recommended are not always supported by evidence (e.g. insoluble fibre supplement). Dietary recommendations in clinical guidelines can also be ambiguous, lacking outcome-specific recommendations and information for appropriate implementation. Future RCTs are needed to assess currently under-investigated dietary approaches that are nevertheless commonly recommended, and future clinical guidelines should include dietary recommendations supported by available evidence.

The first-ever survey of weed flora near season end in commercial tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fields in central Florida was conducted during the 2021 to 2022 field seasons. Forty-seven fields were surveyed, which represents a total of 593 ha. Fumigation occurred on 94% of all surveyed fields, and fertility and water were applied via drip tape on 77% of the fields, with furrow irrigation occurring on the remaining fields. Preemergence herbicides were applied under the plastic mulch on 74% of the fields, and herbicides were applied in all row middles. A total of 62 weed species escaped weed management and were identified during the season-end survey. Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.), common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.], and smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb ex. Muhl.] occurred in the row middles of 74%, 70%, 68%, and 55% of all fields surveyed, and the same four species also had the highest relative abundance. Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.), E. indica, P. oleracea, D. ischaemum, Florida pusley (Richardia scabra L.), and cutleaf evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata Hill) occurred in the transplant holes of 60%, 34%, 28%, 23%, 19%, and 15% of all fields surveyed. Cyperus rotundus had the highest relative abundance in the transplant holes by a large margin, followed by O. laciniata. Moving forward, this information will help tomato growers, extension agents, and weed scientists identify the key weeds that are likely to be problematic on tomato farms and will guide future weed management research programs.

Tetflupyrolimet is a novel herbicide that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), interfering with de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in susceptible plants. While tetflupyrolimet efficacy for preemergence grassy weed control in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and managed turfgrass systems has been explored, there is minimal information regarding effects that edaphic factors may have on activity, particularly those pertaining to soil hydraulics. Dose–response experiments revealed 6- to 8-fold differences in tetflupyrolimet activity on annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) due to soil texture, with higher activity reported following applications to sand compared with clay loam. Higher tetflupyrolimet activity in sand could be related to matric potential, as activity following applications to plants growing in sand exceeded that observed on clay loam across a wide range of volumetric water contents (15% to 60%). Once volumetric water content increased to ≥ 80%, no differences in tetflupyrolimet activity were detected between soils, suggesting that post-application irrigation could mitigate potential reductions in efficacy on finer-textured soils when moisture is limited. These findings underscore that soil texture and, consequently, moisture retention affect tetflupyrolimet activity to the extent that application rates could vary based on soil texture in turfgrass systems. Further research exploring a broader range of soil types and field conditions is warranted to refine tetflupyrolimet rate recommendations based on soil type.