The following method of establishing the existence and properties of the Focal Circles of a Circular Cubic is, as far as I know, new, and it has the advantage of dispensing, almost entirely, explicitly with analysis, while many of the properties can be proved without using the complicated method of generating the curve given in Salmon. The results which I have arrived at in connexion with the Nodal Cubic and Cuspidal Cubic are not given in Salmon.

This paper is an attempt (I) to deduce from first principles the number of conditions required to determine a plane polygon of n sides; (II) thence to deduce the numbers for special cases; and (III) to discuss the effects of a redundancy and a deficiency in the number of conditions. An investigation of this kind should form an important as well as interesting accompaniment to the ordinary study of elementary geometry.

This paper is concerned with d.g. near-rings and their relationship to faithful d.g. near-rings. For general definitions and results, we refer to Pilz [5]. We use left near-rings where he uses right near-rings, but otherwise there is little difference. This work follows earlier work [3], [4] and Mahmood [2]. Before outlining the contents of the paper we present a précis of the definitions.

The use of inverse operators is only justifiable when it is obvious what direct operation of the calculus they symbolise.

The purpose of this note is to point out how the usual method of obtaining the integral of this differential equation can be shown as the result of direct operations.

In this paper we examine the dependence of the solutions of an evolution inclusion on a parameter λ We prove two dependence theorems. In the first the parameter appears only in the orientor field and we show that the solution set depends continuously on it for both the Vietoris and Hausdorff topologies. In the second the parameter appears also in the monotone operator. Using the notion of G-convergence of operators we prove that the solution set is upper semicontinuous with respect to the parameter. Both results make use of a general existence theorem which we also prove in this paper. Finally, we present two examples. One from control theory and the other from partial differential inclusions.

§ 1. Introduction. Little is known concerning the theory of resultants of equations other than in the complex number system. The cyclic number systems provide a simple example which is not a division algebra. In such a system with n units er. any number y ≡ y0 + y1e1 + y2e2 + … + yn−1en−1 has coefficients yr drawn from a field, and the units satisfy the product law:

During an investigation into the existence of Gauss-type quadrature formulae for the numerical solution of Fredholm integral equations with weakly singular kernels an intermediate result was found which is of independent interest.

Let be a class of finite groups. Then a c-group shall be a topological group which has a fundamental system of open neighbourhoods of the identity consisting of normal subgroups with -factor groups and trivial intersection. In this note we study groups which are existentially closed (e.c.) with respect to the class Lc of all direct limits of c-groups (where satisfies certain closure properties). We show that the so-called locally closed normal subgroups of an e.c. Lc-group are totally ordered via inclusion. Moreover it turns out that every ∀2-sentence, which is true for countable e.c. L-groups, also holds for e.c. Lc-groups. This allows it to transfer many known properties from e.c. L-groups to e.c. Lc-groups.

Fundamental statements for (associative) rings are that (a) the endomorphisms of each commutative group (U, +) form a ring and (b) eachring may be embedded in such a ring of endomorphisms. In order to generalise these theorems to groups and rings whose addition may not be commutative, one has to deal with partial endomorphisms. But thesering-theoretical Theorems 4a and 4b turn out to be specialisations of similarones for semi-near-rings, near-rings and semirings, developed here inSection 2 after some preliminaries on semi-near-rings in Section 1. A glance at Definition 1 and the ring-theoretical theorems and remarks at the end of Section 2 may give more orientation.

In (5) the author showed how to construct all inverse semigroups from their trace and semilattice of idempotents: the construction is by means of a family of mappings between ℛ-classes of the semigroup which we refer to as the structure mappings of the semigroup. In (7) (see also (8) and (9)) K. S. S. Nambooripad has adopted a similar approach to the structure of regular semigroups: he shows how to construct regular semigroups from their trace and biordered set of idempotents by means of a family of mappings between ℛ-classes and between ℒ-classes of the semigroup which we again refer to as the structure mappings of the semigroup. In the present paper we aim to provide a simpler set of axioms characterising the structure mappings on a regular semigroup than the axioms (R1)-(R7) of Nambooripad (9). Two major differences occur between Nambooripad's approach (9) and the approach adopted here: first, we consider the set of idempotents of our semigroups to be equipped with a partial regular band structure (in the sense of Clifford (3)) rather than a biorder structure, and second, we shall enlarge the set of structure mappings used by Nambooripad.

§1. Introduction. Care is needed in dealing with determinants whose elements are subject to experimental error, particularly when a determinant itself is small compared with its first minors. For, as these examples show, a relatively tiny error in one element may be responsible for a large error in the determinant

The space of Colombeau generalized functions is used as a frame for the study of hypoellipticity of a family of differential operators whose coefficients depend on a small parameter ε.

There are given necessary and sufficient conditions for the hypoellipticity of a family of differential operators with constant coefficients which depend on ε and behave like powers of ε as ε→0. The solutions of such family of equations should also satisfy the power order estimate with respect to ε.

A ring R is said to satisfy the right Ore condition with respect to a subset C of R if, given a ∈ R and e ∈ C, there exist b ∈ R and D ∈ C such that ad = cb. It is well known that R has a classical right quotient ring if and only if R satisfies the right Ore condition with respect to C when C is the set of regular elements of R (a regular elemept of R being an element of R which is not a zero-divisor). It is also well known that not every ring has a classical right quotient ring. If we make the non-trivial assumption that R has a classical right quotient ring, it is natural to ask whether this property also holds in certain rings related to R such as the ring Mn(R) of all n by n matrices over R. Some answers to this question are known when extra assumptions are made. For example, it was shown by L. W. Small in (5) that if R has a classical right quotient ring Q which is right Artinian then Mn(Q) is the right quotient ring of Mn(R) and eQe is the right quotient ring of eRe where e is an idempotent element of R. Also it was shown by C. R. Hajarnavis in (3) that if R is a Noetherian ring all of whose ideals satisfy the Artin-Rees property then R has a quotient ring Q and Mn(Q) is the quotient ring of Mn(R).

In this paper the following expansion will be obtained:

in which n and r are positive integers. The Series in the square brackets are Hypergeometric Series with a finite number of terms.

The mutual action of two electrified bodies was regarded by Maxwell as transmitted by a medium. According to him the stress in the medium consists of a “tension like a rope” along the lines of electrical force whose intensity per unit of area is R2/8π, where R is the resultant electric intensity, and of a pressure numerically equal to this in all orthogonal directions. Maxwell's remarks are somewhat vague but his notation is strongly suggestive of an elastic solid medium. It has, however, been pointed out by Minchin that Maxwell's stress system would not in an ordinary elastic solid give origin to strains consistent with the “equations of compatibility” which the theory of elastic solids supplies. Considerable interest still attaches to the theory of an elastic solid medium propagating stresses equivalent to the action between distant bodies of forces varying inversely as the square of the distance. For in the first place, it has been pointed out that the stress system given by Maxwell does not constitute a unique solution of his equations; and, in the second place, it has been suggested that some medium must exist for the transmission of gravitational forces. The statical problem of the propagation of gravitational forces by an isotropic elastic medium has been treated by Minchin. His treatment how ever neglects a certain surface condition. I have thus thought it worth while to consider the problem independently, employing the ordinary surface conditions. The first part of the paper is devoted more especially to the electrostatic problem, but the elastic solid problem is essentially the same throughout.

The following note may be considered as an addendum to the paper by me on pp. 42–47 of this volume of the Proceedings. In that paper it is shown how to inscribe in a triangle ABC, a triangle DEF, such that the perpendiculars to the sides of ABC, drawn through the points D, E, F, shall be concurrent in a point P. This is done by constructing on each of the sides of ABO a triangle similar to DEF; then O the point of concurrence of the three lines joining the vertices of ABC to the vertices of these triangles is the point “inverse” to P. The question, then, naturally arises, What must be the shape of the triangle DEF in order that the point P may be one of the Brocard points, and, as a consequence, O the other one? and the answer is easily seen to be that DEF must be similar to ABO. Hence the following construction:—