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2224 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 1 of 112

Discourse, Materiality, and Agency within Everyday Social Interactions

Discourse, Materiality, and Agency within Everyday Social Interactions
  • Dariush Izadi
  • Published online:
    06 December 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026
  • This Element investigates the interplay between language, discourse, and materiality by focusing on everyday social practices within corner shops and markets in Sydney, Australia. Drawing on linguistic ethnography and data from interactions involving objects, talk, and people, it explores how discourse and materiality are co-constituted. Employing theoretical perspectives from actor-network theory and the concept of mediational means/tools, the study reconceptualizes the role of non-human entities in meaning-making processes. It demonstrates that objects actively participate in shaping cultural practices and social dynamics, offering new insights that broaden applied linguistics' engagement with materiality. By treating objects as agents in discourse, this Element highlights the entanglement of language, agency, and the material world. It foregrounds the dynamic relationships between humans and non-humans in everyday communicative practices, bringing to the fore the significance of material conditions in the production of meaning and interaction.
Translating His-stories

Translating His-stories
  • Mª Carmen África Vidal Claramonte
  • Published online:
    06 December 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026
  • Following Hayden White and the critical historiography of the 1960s, the idea underlying this Element is that a historical text is a translation of past events. This implies that retelling stories can vary depending on the historian/translator who recounts the facts. Translating His-stories focuses on how women – Jen Bervin, Patience Agbabi, Caroline Bergvall, Erin Mouré, and many others – dare to translate stories previously told by men. In line with contemporary theories of translation, these stories are translations because women rewrite, again but for the first time, what has already been told.
Music at a Florentine Convent

Music at a Florentine Convent
  • The Biffoli-Sostegni Manuscript and Suor Maria Celeste Galilei
  • Laurie Stras
  • Published online:
    06 December 2025
    Print publication:
    31 January 2026
  • The Biffoli-Sostegni manuscript, MS 27766 of the Bibliothèque du Conservatoire royal de Bruxelles, is the only volume of sixteenth-century polyphony with a secure provenance in a female convent. Its extraordinary survival is made all the more important by its origin at the Florentine convent of San Matteo in Arcetri, the convent in which Suor Maria Celeste Galilei, daughter of Galileo Galilei, spent the last two-thirds of her life. This Element uses archival sources related to San Matteo to create a historical context for the manuscript's music and the lives of the nuns for whom it was written. Analysis of the music is accompanied by both notated and audiovisual musical examples, performed by the UK all-female early music ensemble, Musica Secreta.
Modelling the Divine

Modelling the Divine
  • Ben Page
  • Published online:
    05 December 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026
  • There are different approaches to modelling the divine, with each raising questions one needs to consider when employing them to produce a model. Outlining some of the most widely used methods is one of the goals of this Element, providing something of an introductory 'how-to' guide for divine modelling. Through discussing what models are, the different sources of data acquisition, how to acquire data via reason, how to sort data, and what we might think a model provides us with, this Element aims to give readers the resources to take on the task of modelling informatively and effectively for themselves.
Politics in a Pandemic

Politics in a Pandemic
  • Governance and Crisis Management in Southeast Asia
  • Meredith L. Weiss
  • Published online:
    05 December 2025
    Print publication:
    31 January 2026
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  • The COVID-19 pandemic offers unique insight into how regimes govern in 'hard times.' In Southeast Asia, public health and economic strain revealed the scope for adaptation in the face of crisis, against the pull of path-dependent habits and patterns. Recent experience of SARS and other outbreaks, as well as wider political and economic contexts, shaped readiness and responses. Especially important were legacies of the developmental-state model. Even largely absent a prior welfarist turn, core developmentalist attributes helped foster citizen buy-in and compliance: how efficiently and well states could coordinate provision of necessary infrastructure, spur biomedical innovation, marshal resources, tamp down political pressure, and constrain rent-seeking, all while maintaining popular trust. Also salient to pandemic governance were the actual distribution of authority, beyond what institutional structures imply, and the extent to which state–society relations, including habits of coercion or rent-seeking, encourage more or less programmatic or confidence-building frames and approaches.
Creative Construction Grammar

Creative Construction Grammar
  • Thomas Hoffmann, Mark Turner
  • Published online:
    05 December 2025
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    31 January 2026
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  • Constructions are long-term pairings in memory of form and meaning. How are they created and learned, how do they change, and how do they combine into new utterances (constructs, communicative performances) in working memory? Drawing on evidence from word-formation (blending, Noun-Noun-compounds) over idioms and argument structure constructions to multimodal communication, we argue that computational metaphors such as 'unification' or 'constraint-satisfaction' do not constitute a cognitively adequate explanation. Instead, we put forward the idea that construction combination is performed by Conceptual Blending – a domain-general process of higher cognition that has been used to explain complex human behavior such as, inter alia, scientific discovery, reasoning, art, music, dance, math, social cognition, and religion. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
State Platform Capitalism

State Platform Capitalism
  • The United States, China, and the Global Battle for Digital Supremacy
  • Steve Rolf, Seth Schindler
  • Published online:
    05 December 2025
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    31 January 2026
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  • Global capitalism is being reshaped by two major trends. States have become increasingly interventionist, reshaping their economies in response to crises and geopolitical tensions. Secondly, digital platform giants have emerged from the US and China that concentrate political economic power in private hands. This Element argues that these trends are increasingly symbiotic. Digital platforms are being folded into the spiralling rivalry between the US and China. As states tap into their extraterritorial governance capacities by exerting control over platforms, platform firms leverage state support to pursue and expand their internationalization strategies. Therefore, the US-China rivalry is increasingly being fought at the level of the technology stack, a dynamic the authors call state platform capitalism. The Element examines four fields in which this novel regime of competition is at play: digital currencies, technical standards, cyber security, and smart cities. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Race Class

Race Class
  • Reading Mexican American Literature in the Era of Neoliberalism, 1981-1984
  • José Antonio Arellano
  • Published online:
    04 December 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026
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  • Race Class identifies two competing aesthetics, the 'recognitional' and the 'redistributive,' that developed in Mexican American literature during the 1980s. Recognitional literature seeks to express an ethnic identity via a circular narratological discourse of self-creation. This expressive view of literature fosters readerly sympathy via testimony and textual personification, the author argues, but ultimately forecloses interpretive judgement. Redistributive literature instead averts the readers' sympathy to produce the evaluative distance through which interpretative judgement and structural critique are enabled. By tracking these competing aesthetics, Race Class shows why the Chicano Movement should not be understood as a working-class enterprise, why higher education cannot be a mechanism of social justice, and why the left continues to misunderstand the nature of economic inequality today.
Charting Translation Reception

Charting Translation Reception
  • Methods and Challenges
  • Bei Hu
  • Published online:
    02 December 2025
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    08 January 2026
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  • This Element conceptualises translation reception as a form of cultural negotiation in which cognitive processes and sociocultural factors converge to form understanding. Drawing on empirical examples from a variety of translational phenomena, it maps a range of methodologies, including surveys, interviews, eye-tracking experiments, and big data analytics, to examine how heterogeneous reader expectations are either reconciled or divided. This Element argues that the ambiguities surrounding readers' identities and behaviours exemplify how reception thrives on paradoxes, uncertainties, and fluid boundaries. It proposes a nonlinear trade-off model to emphasise that mutual benefits in high-stakes communication can only be achieved when a requisite degree of trust is maintained among all stakeholders. This trust-based approach to translation reception provides us with the epistemological and methodological tools to navigate our post-truth multilingual world, where a new technocratic order looms. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Transformation of Protest Politics

The Transformation of Protest Politics
  • Marco Giugni, Maria Grasso
  • Published online:
    02 December 2025
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    08 January 2026
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  • The central questions addressed in this Element are: How has protest politics changed over time, especially but not exclusively in the most recent times. And what are the implications and consequences of these transformations? In this vein, the Element identifies a number of processes of change as outlined in the literature, going from the expansion of the repertoires of contention to the normalization of protest and of the protesters, and the shifting scale of contention to more individual-level processes such as the individualization and digitalization of protest. The Element's aim is to provide a critical discussion of scholarship on the transformation of protest politics and social movement activism.
The Elixir

The Elixir
  • A Posthumanist Approach to Alchemy in Akbarian Sufism and Islam
  • Dunja Rašić
  • Published online:
    30 November 2025
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    08 January 2026
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  • Step outside laboratory, and into the world of nature. The books on cannon law can be left behind as well, for Ibn ʿArabī (d. 1240) believed there is one Sharia for humans and another for minerals. This Element rethinks what it means to be an alchemist and Muslim, by shifting its focus to the religious practices of sentient minerals, as described in Ibn ʿArabī's oeuvre and the Qur'an. Common stones and metals undergo their spiritual feats with the single goal in mind: to gain proximity to the Divine by turning themselves into gold. Alchemists sought to facilitate this process through elixirs and sorcery. Setting allegories and metaphors aside, this Element examines ontological principles governing the struggles of iron to become gold, and the human strivings to better the world of nature.
Empire, Extraction and Power in the Festivals of Britain of 1951 and 2022

Empire, Extraction and Power in the Festivals of Britain of 1951 and 2022
  • Caoimhe Mader McGuinness
  • Published online:
    30 November 2025
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    08 January 2026
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  • This Element compares the 1951 Festival of Britain with the 2022 Unboxed Festival to explore both continuities and shifts in the British state's relationship to empire, power and extraction as expressed in celebrations of national culture. The ideological projects underpinning these governments, distanced by more than seventy years, might be seen as fundamentally opposed. Yet approaching this comparative study through a conjunctural analysis focusing on the narrations of British identity and both events' wilful intertwining of technology and art reveals the continuities between both periods, especially as they pertain to historical practices of the imperial state and its far-reaching consequences.
Disenchanting the Senses

Disenchanting the Senses
  • Sulfuric Discourse and the World System
  • Andrew Kettler
  • Published online:
    28 November 2025
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    08 January 2026
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  • Specifically standing between humanity and natural perceptions of the environment in the contemporary age of ecological decay are disenchanted meanings of sulfur and evil that changed to support the base of capitalism during the Early Modern Era. The blinding system of linguistic and material networks that capital constructs to deny humans the ability to sense environmental threat can be understood most notably through a history of ideas related to supposedly sulfuric demons and the discursive archaeology surrounding many toxic sulfuric compounds ardently linked with the Anthropocene. Thinking of cause and effect in networks of objects and humans, as well as the structures of modernity and capitalism, this Element reasserts a philosophy of disenchantment into the history of the environment. At the core of modernity, capitalist discourses greenwashed experiences of the body related to evils of environmental threat to protect the means of production from considerable critique during the Industrial Revolution.
Unveiling Lady Scott

Unveiling Lady Scott
  • Walter Scott, French Influence and Transcultural Connections
  • Céline Sabiron
  • Published online:
    26 November 2025
    Print publication:
    04 December 2025
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  • This Element sheds new light on Walter Scott's work by investigating the French influence of his wife, Charlotte Charpentier, later Lady Scott, through her transcultural upbringing and international connections. Much of the limited information about her is tainted by misconceptions from predominantly British male biographers of Scott, whose perspectives were centred on the great man and coloured by anti-French sentiment during the revolutionary period. Through new French and British public records, historical archives, annual registers, and personal materials like letters and diaries from the Scotts' family and social circles, this Element corrects false allegations and highlights her significant, yet largely unrecognised, behind-the-scenes social and literary influence on Scott's writing. By analysing these sources and conducting in-depth readings of Scott's texts, the Element emphasises Scott's collaborative literary approach and argues that Lady Scott, a knowledgeable art and literature enthusiast, greatly assisted him in his work as his secretary, amanuensis, and proofreader.
How Urbanism Changes Foodways

How Urbanism Changes Foodways
  • Monica L. Smith
  • Published online:
    26 November 2025
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    08 January 2026
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  • The advent of urbanism had profound impacts on landscape management, agricultural production, food preservation, and cuisine. This Element examines the 6,000-year history of urbanism through the archaeological perspective of food, using the analysis of cooking and eating vessels, botanical remains, and animal bones along with texts and iconographic evidence to understand the foodways that spurred and accompanied the growth of cities. Human-environmental changes took place as farmers became fewer in number but increasingly essential as providers of food for city-based consumers. The Element also examines the ways in which cities today share patterns of food production and consumption with the first urban settlements, and that we can address questions of sustainability, nutritional improvement, and other desired outcomes by recognizing how the growth of cities has resulted in distinct constraints and opportunities related to food.
The Fascist Zenith

The Fascist Zenith
  • War and Dictatorship under Axis Rule
  • António Costa Pinto
  • Published online:
    26 November 2025
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    11 December 2025
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  • 1942 represents the apex of the global wave of autocratization associated with the Era of Fascism, and the expansion of Axis Rule during World War were responsible for this impressive growth of authoritarian 'occupation' regimes. Starting in Asia with the Imperialist expansion of Japan, followed by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in Europe, the number of dictatorships increased substantially. This Element analyses how the three poles of Axis rule, Italian Fascism, Nazi Germany, and Authoritarian Japan, lead the dynamics of institution-building of political regimes of occupation under their direct or indirect control, respective diffusion models and, in some cases, coercive transfers.
Politics and the Economy

Politics and the Economy
  • Lisa Herzog
  • Published online:
    26 November 2025
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    31 December 2025
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  • In today's societies, political and economic issues are closely intertwined, and political philosophy has turned more and more to economic issues. This Element introduces some key questions of economic philosophy: How to think about the relation between political and economic power? Can markets be 'tamed'? Which values are embedded in the economy and how do those relate to political values? It answers these questions by considering arguments from three theoretical perspectives – liberal egalitarian approaches, neorepublicanism, and critical theory or socialist thought – explaining their different background assumptions but also shared grounds. To illustrate these topics, it zooms in on the future of work: How could work be made more just, democratic, and sustainable? In the conclusion, some implications for research strategies in economic philosophy are explored.
Political Meritocracy in the 21st Century

Political Meritocracy in the 21st Century
  • Brian Kogelmann
  • Published online:
    26 November 2025
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    08 January 2026
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  • Political meritocrats believe political power should be allocated according to virtue and competence. It is an old idea, going back at least to Plato. But what is old is new again, as several political philosophers have recently proposed and defended novel articulations of this ancient idea. The purpose of this short monograph is to offer a critical overview of this literature. I cover three schools of thought. I first look at epistocracy, a form of government identical to modern liberal democracies, except voting power is allocated to citizens according to competence. I then turn to Confucian meritocracy, where more blatantly nondemocratic forms of political meritocracy are defended. I finally look at democratic meritocracy, which is the idea that elections either do or could (if they were appropriately reformed) select virtuous and competent leaders. I end by offering reasons to think the entire enterprise of political meritocracy rests on a mistake.
Forensic Linguistics in Southern Africa

Forensic Linguistics in Southern Africa
  • Origins, Progress, and Prospects
  • Russell H. Kaschula, Monwabisi K. Ralarala, Eliseu Mabasso, Zakeera Docrat, Wellman Kondowe, Paul Svongoro
  • Published online:
    25 November 2025
    Print publication:
    18 December 2025
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  • This Element introduces the study of forensic linguistics, particularly in southern Africa, but also in Africa more generally. In the past six decades, there has been clear evidence that the discipline of forensic linguistics is, or was, unknown to general linguists, legal linguists, and applied linguists on the African continent. Now, however, the situation is rapidly changing, with forensic linguistics studies gaining momentum in various parts of Africa. In this Element the authors introduce the topic, define the discipline, address the language of record issue in southern Africa, as well as critically debate the state of court interpreting and translation of documentation into African languages, address police interviewing techniques, while also looking at possible future developments in the discipline of forensic linguistics. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Literate Workers and the Production of Early Christian Literature

Literate Workers and the Production of Early Christian Literature
  • Isaac T. Soon
  • Published online:
    25 November 2025
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    18 December 2025
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  • This Element provides a historical overview of the sources and key scholarship related to literate workers in early Christianity. It argues that literate workers were indispensable for the creation, production, maintenance, interpretation, and preservation of ancient Christian thought, theology, and literature. This Element centres the embodiment and lived experience of literate workers-as much as is able to be retrieved from our extant Christian sources. Who were they? What did they look like? What was their relationship with named authors? What kinds of aspirations and career trajectories did they have? The aim of this project is to help researchers reconfigure their perspectives on ancient works, that such documents not only represent the genius of named authors but also of (enslaved) literate workers as well.

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