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2323 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 1 of 117

Sex and Sexuality in the Ancient Near East

Sex and Sexuality in the Ancient Near East
  • Stephanie Lynn Budin
  • Published online:
    21 February 2026
    Print publication:
    31 March 2026
  • This Element presents what we know about the construction of sexuality and the sex lives of the residents of ancient Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and the Levant. After briefly introducing the regions and cultures under consideration and the sources of data, the work turns to female and male experiences of sexuality, matters of fertility and infertility, sexual orientation, and finally sex crimes. Primary sources are heavily foregrounded so that readers may understand what the sources of information are on these topics and may see how scholars have come to the understandings that they have.
Legislating Peace

Legislating Peace
  • How Gender Diverse Rebel Parties Encourage the Implementation of Gender Peace Agreement Provisions
  • Elizabeth L. Brannon, Jakana Thomas
  • Published online:
    20 February 2026
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    31 March 2026
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  • Previous research demonstrates that women's participation in peace processes impacts the adoption of gendered peace provisions but leaves questions about whether women can also shape their implementation. This Element argues that women political representatives shape the implementation of gender provisions in peace agreements. In particular, it considers the role of women elected to rebel parties and ex-rebel women representatives. It tests the relationship between women's political representation and the implementation of gender peace provisions using a novel dataset focusing on the implementation of agreements signed in Africa conflicts between 1990 and 2024. The authors supplement their statistical analyses with case evidence from Angola, Rwanda, and Colombia. They find that women's parliamentary representation, especially that of former rebels in rebel parties, has a positive effect on compliance with gender provisions. These findings contribute to the understanding of women's post-war political influence, the implementation of gendered peace provisions, and rebel party politics.
Aviation English as a Global Lingua Franca

Aviation English as a Global Lingua Franca
  • Hyejeong Kim
  • Published online:
    20 February 2026
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    12 March 2026
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  • This Element examines aviation English as a global lingua franca through the lens of communities of practice. Pilots and air traffic controllers involved in international operations belong to multiple communities, including local professional, broader local aviation, and international aviation communities. Their ongoing learning within these communities and the repertoire they develop – which influences their interactions – are explored. Against this framework, the inadequacy of the current internationally applicable language proficiency requirements is critically evaluated, alongside an analysis of four notable aircraft accidents that motivated these standards. The focus then shifts to analysing live radiotelephony discourse in abnormal situations, incorporating insights from domain specialists. Findings show that language-related aspects alone are insufficient; when combined with limited domain knowledge, it can lead to unsafe and ineffective communication. The Element highlights accommodation – both for linguistic and domain-specific – as a crucial skill in this intercultural communication context and recommends greater standardisation for handling abnormal situations.
Early Globalism and Chinese Literature

Early Globalism and Chinese Literature
  • Yuanfei Wang, Victor H. Mair
  • Published online:
    18 February 2026
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    31 March 2026
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  • Exploring 'early globalism and Chinese literature' through the lens of 'literary diffusion,' this Element analyzes two primary forms. The first is Buddhist literary diffusion, whose revolutionary impact on Chinese language and literature is illustrated through scriptural translation, transformation texts, and 'journey to the West' stories. The second, facilitated diffusion, engages with the maritime world, traced through the seafaring journey of Cinderella stories and the totalizing worldview in literature on Zheng He's voyages. The authors contend that early global literary diffusion left a lasting imprint on Chinese language, literature, and culture. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Chinese Feminisms and <i>The Vagina Monologues</i>

Chinese Feminisms and The Vagina Monologues
  • Yingjun Wei
  • Published online:
    17 February 2026
    Print publication:
    12 March 2026
  • This Element focuses on three Chinese productions of The Vagina Monologues (TVM, 1996), a radical-feminist play by the North American artist and activist Eve Ensler: Yin Dao Du Bai (The Vagina Monologues, 2003), Yin Dao Zhi Dao (Vagina's Way, 2013), and Dao Yin (Saying Vagina, 2021). Each production was staged in and informed by the changing landscape of Chinese feminism: from 2003 to the early 2010s, the making of TVM was a process of exploring the subject position of an autonomous citizen, but from 2015, feminist theatre making had to contend with gains being eroded by state neoliberalism, an issue reflected in the third performance, Dao Yin (2021). Drawing on this historical analysis, in the fifth and final section, the author proposes the concept of 'collapsed feminisms' to argue that Chinese feminist theatres from 2003 to 2021 staged an extremely complicated scene where all these feminisms overlapped and 'collapsed' together.
Bayesian Social Science Statistics

Bayesian Social Science Statistics
  • Getting Productive
  • Volume 2
  • Jeff Gill, Le Bao
  • Published online:
    17 February 2026
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    31 March 2026
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  • This Element introduces the basics of Bayesian regression modeling using modern computational tools. This Element only assumes that the reader has taken a basic statistics course and has seen Bayesian inference at the introductory level of Gill and Bao (2024). Some matrix algebra knowledge is assumed but the authors walk carefully through the necessary structures at the start of this Element. At the end of the process readers will fully understand how Bayesian regression models are developed and estimated, including linear and nonlinear versions. The sections cover theoretical principles and real-world applications in order to provide motivation and intuition. Because Bayesian methods are intricately tied to software, code in R and Python is provided throughout.
Gender and Uptalk in Hong Kong English

Gender and Uptalk in Hong Kong English
  • Wilkinson Daniel Wong Gonzales, Chan Pui Yu Ivy, Zhang Xiaohan Harry, Ng Chui Yin Judy, Chung Yan Ching Karina
  • Published online:
    17 February 2026
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    31 March 2026
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  • This Element interrogates the complex role of gender in shaping the sociolinguistic variable of UPTALK within Hong Kong English, highlighting its interaction with other sociodemographic factors. Foregrounding gender as a central factor, the Element employs a robust array of methodologies to dissect how gender interacts with social factors, identities, and social types across a sample of sixteen participants. Findings unveil new perspectives on gender-dependent meanings of UPTALK, demonstrating that while gendered stylistic accommodation plays a notable role, UPTALK is not merely a gender marker. Instead, it embodies complex social meanings shaped by a broad spectrum of individual, cognitive (awareness), and contextual factors. By integrating both production and perception/attitudinal data from a relatively unexplored context, the Element provides a holistic, nuanced understanding of how UPTALK can function as a multifunctional sociolinguistic resource, offering insights into the theorization of language variation and social meaning, with particular focus on the role of gender.
Disability and the Gothic

Disability and the Gothic
  • The Nineteenth Century
  • Essaka Joshua
  • Published online:
    16 February 2026
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    12 March 2026
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  • Disability is central to the Gothic imagination. This Element draws together disability and Gothic literature in ways that show the interplay between them. The first chapter offers a brief history of Critical Disability Studies, and the manner in which Gothic has been integral to the evolution of disability theory. It shows the increasing centrality of the Gothic to the development of Critical Disability Studies, and describes the emergence of the subfield of Gothic Disability Studies. The second chapter and third chapters offer close readings of particular texts, showing how Gothic bodies and minds articulate and shift their relationship to the aesthetic and affective frameworks of the nineteenth century. While disability sometimes represents the 'other' in Gothic literature, this positioning far from exhausts the ways in which disability is presented in this genre.
Developmental Dilemmas

Developmental Dilemmas
  • The Role of Power and Agency
  • William D. Ferguson
  • Published online:
    16 February 2026
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    12 March 2026
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  • Why do well-meaning developmental policies fail? Power intervenes. Consider the recent collapse of the peace agreement between the Colombian government and FARC guerillas. Achieving inclusive development entails resolving collective-action problems of forging cooperation among agents with disparate interests and understandings. Resolution relies on developing functional informal and formal institutions. Powerful agents shape institutional evolution—because they can. This Element outlines a conceptual framework for policy-relevant inquiry. It addresses the concept of power-noting sources, instruments, manifestations, domains of operation, and strategic templates. After discussing leadership, following, and brokerage, it addresses institutional entrepreneurship. Institutional entrepreneurs develop narratives and actions to influence incentives and interpretations of social norms and identities: foundations of strategic interactions that shape institutional evolution. This approach facilitates inquiry into the roots and consequences of context-specific developmental dilemmas: background for developmental policy analysis. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
The History of Contingency and Future-Oriented Thought

The History of Contingency and Future-Oriented Thought
  • Thomas Moynihan
  • Published online:
    16 February 2026
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    12 March 2026
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  • The future is contingent. It can unfold differently, hinging on chance or choice within the present. This Element tells the story of how these twin concepts have developed across human history. Arcing from our earliest ancestors, through al-Ghazālī, to S. J. Gould, the Element demonstrates how humans realised the future is an undecided, contingent place – at scales leading beyond the biographical, up to the planetary, and beyond. It pinpoints this realisation as an ongoing and unfinished intellectual revolution. Just as the telescope revealed Deep Space in the 1600s, and the geologists' hammer revealed Deep Time in the 1800s, contemporary developments in science are revealing what I call Deep Possibility. This is the realisation that there is far more possible than will ever be actual. It is this that makes history matter, and gives contingency its bite, insofar as it forces acknowledgement that not all outcomes will come to pass regardless.
Varieties of Peripheral Growth Models

Varieties of Peripheral Growth Models
  • Towards a New Comparative Political Economy of Development
  • Michael Schedelik, Christian May, Andreas Nölke, Daniel Mertens, Alexandre De Podestá Gomes, Tobias ten Brink
  • Published online:
    14 February 2026
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    31 March 2026
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  • This Element seeks to develop an empirical research agenda that explores the applicability of the growth model perspective in comparative political economy to emerging capitalist economies (ECEs). Such an approach emphasizes the variety of possible growth models and their implications for development, providing an alternative to universalizing economic models as prevalent in mainstream development discourse. Using national accounts data for several large ECEs in the period from 2001 to 2022, the authors first propose a typology of peripheral growth models with varying degrees of economic vulnerability. Most notably, they add an investment-led model to the prevalent juxtaposition of consumption-led and export-led growth models. Subsequently, they employ several case vignettes from Brazil, Indonesia, South Africa, Turkey, Thailand and Vietnam to unpack the effects of volatile international interdependencies, such as commodity cycles, and diverse political underpinnings on peripheral growth models. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Organic Progress and Evolutionary Theory

Organic Progress and Evolutionary Theory
  • Silvia De Cesare
  • Published online:
    13 February 2026
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    12 March 2026
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  • Progress is defined as change towards the better. This definition, comprising both a descriptive and a normative element, can be applied in the organic domain to the history of living organisms. If evolutionary biologists struggle to live with organic progress, they also seem unable to live without it. Are there any theoretical arguments for using the normative terms 'good' and 'better' within evolutionary theory? How do we clarify the idea that some 'change towards the better' is conceptually implied by evolutionary theory? The author argues that there are specific kinds of value, that is, organic value, that allow us to speak meaningfully about improvements in living beings. A large part of this Element is devoted to showing how this applies to the concept of adaptation at a local scale. The final section broadens the investigation to a global scale, tentatively suggesting evolvability as a promising candidate for global progress.
The Rise of Authoritarian Middle-Powers and What It Means for World Politics

The Rise of Authoritarian Middle-Powers and What It Means for World Politics
  • Marie-Eve Desrosiers, Nic Cheeseman
  • Published online:
    12 February 2026
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    12 March 2026
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  • In recent years, a group of influential authoritarian states has emerged that fall between the ranks of great powers and small states. These authoritarian middle-powers – such as Türkiye and the United Arab Emirates – exert considerable influence, particularly in their region. Yet this development has been overlooked in favor of a focus on superpowers, especially China and Russia. We therefore lack a framework for understanding their behavior and impact. This Element offers the first comprehensive analysis of how non-democratic middle-powers engage abroad. Drawing on critical case studies, it shows how the combination of authoritarian politics and mid-level status leads to distinctive foreign policies. In particular, these strategies erode global democratic norms and institutions through a combination of hard power and transnational repression tempered by hedging and legitimation strategies. In this way, authoritarian middle-powers are helping to unravel the liberal rules-based order. This title is available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The <i>Imago Dei</i>

The Imago Dei
  • A Holistic Account
  • Ximian Xu
  • Published online:
    10 February 2026
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    05 March 2026
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  • What does it mean to say that the human being is the imago Dei? This Element leverages the Reformed thinking of archetype-ectype to constructively develop a holistic account of the imago. That is, the image of God refers to both the signifier of God–human stories and the stories of ethical performances towards others and the motivator within the psychosomatic human person for the narration of these stories that have been unfolding since Genesis 2. Furthermore, this Element will argue that the religious and ethical implications of the imago Dei are not confined to the contexts of the Christian faith but bear upon the quotidian lives of all humankind, including atheists. To illustrate this, neuroscience and empathic AI will serve as two case studies, demonstrating how the psychosomatic human person as the imago Dei bears the unique role in the narration of both religious and ethical stories.
Clothing Bodies

Clothing Bodies
  • Weaving and Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Age
  • Sophia Vakirtzi
  • Published online:
    10 February 2026
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    05 March 2026
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  • This Element explores the textile crafts and cloth cultures of the Aegean Bronze Age, focusing on two categories of archaeological evidence: excavated textiles (or their imprints) and tools used for yarn production and weaving. Together, these types of material testimonies offer complementary perspectives on a textile history that spans 2,000 years. A gro wing body of evidence suggests that the Aegean was home to communities of skilled textile craftspeople who produced cloth ranging from plain and coarse to fine and elaborate. As regional connectivity increased throughout the Bronze Age, interactions in textile craft flourished. In time, textile production became central to the political economies that emerged in the Aegean region. The expertise of Bronze Age Aegean spinners and weavers is vividly illustrated through the material record of their tools, while even the smallest excavated cloth fragments stand as fragile, yet enduring testaments to textile craftsmanship.
Cenozoic Paleobotanical Resource Inventory of the National Park System

Cenozoic Paleobotanical Resource Inventory of the National Park System
  • T. P. Matel, I. B. Huegele, C. R. Cace, K. M. M. Bober, L. D. Boucher, V. E. McCoy, E. J. Hermsen, S. R. Manchester, C. C. Visaggi, J. S. Tweet, V. L. Santucci
  • Published online:
    10 February 2026
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    05 March 2026
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  • The National Park System encompasses geological exposures that preserve globally significant paleobotanical resources. These paleobotanical resources represent a broad temporal, geographic, stratigraphic, and taxonomic distribution and pose a variety of management, research, and curation concerns. In this Element, the authors present a baseline inventory of the Cenozoic paleobotany of the National Park System as a first step in stimulating new research, curation, and outreach projects that utilize these resources. The authors describe the stratigraphic, taxonomic, spatial, and temporal distribution of Cenozoic paleobotanical resources in 74 National Park Units and show that these resources vary widely in their significance and management needs. Their baseline inventory elucidates what resources need intensified management protocols and celebrates the success stories of NPS paleontological resource management that make NPS lands an essential archive of North American paleobotanical history.
Operations Management

Operations Management
  • Michael A. Lewis, Christos Vasilakis
  • Published online:
    10 February 2026
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    12 March 2026
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  • Operations management has an important role in improving healthcare. Some of its core concepts and tools, such as Lean and statistical process control, have their own Elements in this series. In this Element, the authors offer an overview of three major topics in healthcare operations management: capacity and demand, focus, and people and process. They demonstrate how queuing theory reveals counterintuitive insights about capacity utilisation and waiting times, examine how strategic focus can achieve significant productivity gains while creating potential inequities, and explore why process improvements must account for human behaviours like multitasking and workarounds. Using practical examples, the authors illustrate both the critical role and the limitations of operations management against a backdrop of high demand and resource constraints. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Charting Transfiction

Charting Transfiction
  • Patterns, Open Questions, and Future Directions
  • Andrea Bergantino
  • Published online:
    10 February 2026
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    05 March 2026
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  • 'Transfiction' refers to the phenomenon of language mediators portrayed as characters in literature. Research investigating this phenomenon has developed through a long series of case studies. While providing in-depth analyses of different instances of transfiction, case studies have produced findings that are anchored to specific texts, consequently precluding theoretical observations at a higher level of abstraction. Thus, this Element constructs a concentrated profile of transfiction. It asks about the state of the art of this research area and its potential to inform other subfields of translation studies. By adopting a meta-analytical research style, the Element retraces the development of transfiction studies, identifying patterns and lacunae. It then goes on to thread transfiction together with previously disconnected research strands, such as translator studies, suggesting new research questions and methodologies. Ultimately, Charting Transfiction provides a reference point for future research in this area, as well as other subfields of translation studies.
Addressing Misinformation and Disinformation

Addressing Misinformation and Disinformation
  • James Meese, Corinne Tan
  • Published online:
    09 February 2026
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    05 March 2026
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  • Concerns around misinformation and disinformation have intensified with the rise of AI tools, with many claiming this is a watershed moment for truth, accuracy and democracy. In response, numerous laws have been enacted in different jurisdictions. Addressing Misinformation and Disinformation introduces this new legal landscape and charts a path forward. The Element identifies avoidance or alleviation of harm as a central legal preoccupation, outlines technical developments associated with AI and other technologies, and highlights social approaches that can support long-term civic resilience. Offering an expansive interdisciplinary analysis that moves beyond narrow debates about definitions, Addressing Misinformation and Disinformation shows how law can work alongside other technical and social mechanisms, as part of a coherent policy response.
Nietzsche on Education

Nietzsche on Education
  • Robert Miner
  • Published online:
    07 February 2026
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    12 March 2026
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  • If one were asked to name Nietzsche's primary concepts (e.g. will to power, death of God, eternal recurrence), education would likely appear near the bottom of the list. Nevertheless, Nietzsche was intensely occupied with the topic. To see how Nietzsche formulates his basic questions about the nature and aim of education, I begin with his lectures On the Future of our Educational Institutions. I then move to his third Untimely Meditation, 'Schopenhauer as Educator,' where he articulates his fundamental idea of “culture” and the educational means required to produce and sustain it. In continuous dialogue with SE and later works, I ask: Which educational practices are most apt to produce the philosopher? What is involved in aesthetic education and the production of the artist? Are there educational paths to the saint? If so, what do they look like? My conclusion probes Nietzsche's sharp distinction between real education and its counterfeits.

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