Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum (Lam.)] Husnot]; referred as L. multiflorum throughout the manuscript hereafter) is one of the most problematic grass weeds infesting agronomic and specialty crops across the United States. In 2023–2025, inadequate control of L. multiflorum populations (NY_R1, NY_R2, and NY_R3) with glyphosate was reported in Livingston, Ontario, and Genesee Counties, New York (NY). This research aimed to (1) confirm and quantify glyphosate resistance in these suspected glyphosate-resistant (GR) populations, (2) evaluate the efficacy of alternative postemergence herbicides, and (3) determine whether EPSPS gene amplification confers glyphosate resistance. A known glyphosate-susceptible (GS) population (AR_S) from Arkansas was included for comparison. Glyphosate dose–response assays indicated that NY_R1, NY_R2, and NY_R3 populations were 13-, 4-, and 5-fold resistant, respectively, relative to the AR_S population. Alternative postemergence herbicides, including clethodim, glufosinate, paraquat, and pinoxaden, provided 96 to 97% control and reduced shoot dry weight by 91 to 97% at 21 days after treatment (DAT). In contrast, nicosulfuron provided reduced control (63 to 74%) and limited biomass reduction (51 to 56%), suggesting possible resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides in three tested populations. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that NY_R1 and NY_R3 had approximately 30-fold higher EPSPS gene copy numbers than AR_S, indicating gene amplification as a mechanism of glyphosate resistance. This study confirms the first case of GR L. multiflorum associated with EPSPS gene amplification in NY, underscoring the need for integrated, diversified weed management strategies to mitigate its further spread.

An experiment was conducted in 2022 and 2023 at multiple locations in North Carolina to identify alternative herbicide combinations capable of providing effective preplant foliar weed control when glyphosate is unavailable. All combinations containing rimsulfuron + thifensulfuron provided 95% to 98% control of henbit, comparable to all glyphosate-based combinations. Treatments containing glyphosate achieved 100% control of common chickweed, and rimsulfuron + thifensulfuron combined with clethodim (90%) or 2,4-D (89%) were the only treatments that provided comparable control. Paraquat effectively controlled henbit and common chickweed, providing 91% and 87% control of these species, respectively. Although no treatment controlled annual bluegrass as effectively as glyphosate-based mixtures, paraquat alone, paraquat + 2,4-D, and clethodim + rimsulfuron + thifensulfuron each achieved ≥ 88% control. Saflufenacil was highly efficacious on purple cudweed, providing control comparable to glyphosate (≥ 97%). Tiafenacil alone provided limited control of most of the weed species evaluated in this study, but showed compatibility in mixtures, suggesting utility within diversified preplant foliar herbicide programs targeting specific weeds. While glyphosate remains available for use, incorporating one or more of these herbicides could enhance control of glyphosate-resistant weed biotypes and reduce selection pressure on glyphosate-susceptible weeds. Overall, rimsulfuron + thifensulfuron, paraquat, saflufenacil, tiafenacil, and clethodim, applied alone or in combination, offer practical preplant foliar options that can strengthen existing glyphosate-based programs and sustain effective winter annual weed control should glyphosate become limited or unavailable.

This commentary is part of a series of responses to Michele Goodwin’s 2025 LSA presidential address.

Citrus leprosis is a non-systemic disease caused by citrus leprosis virus (CiLV), which is classified as cytoplasmic (CiLV-C) or nuclear (CiLV-N) based on its replication site within host cells. Mite species in the genus Brevipalpus vector this virus. In Mexico, B. californicus and B. yothersi have been recorded in citrus orchards, with the latter species being most abundant and widely distributed. Despite extensive research, knowledge gaps remain regarding interactions between Brevipalpus and CiLV-C, the predominant virus type. We investigated the vector competence of both species, with a detailed analysis of density-dependent acquisition and transmission for B. yothersi. Virus acquisition was assessed using three densities (5, 10, or 15 adult females) for B. yothersi and a single desity (15 mites) for B. californicus. Virus detection and quantification were performed using a TaqMan probes targeting the viral movement protein gene. Transmission assays were conducted on Phaseolus vulgaris plants using viruliferous B. yothersi at all densities. B. californicus did not acquire the virus and was therefore excluded from transmission experiments. In contrast, B. yothersi successfully acquired the virus at all densities. While the proportion of viruliferous mites did not differ significantly among density treatments, viral load per mite was significantly higher at the lowest density. Virus transmission ocurred at all densities, with no significant differences in viral titres in inoculated plants. There results provide insights into density-related mite-virus interactions affecting CiLV-C transmission.

The fossil record of medusozoan cnidarians is relatively sparse and, in some cases, contentious. Here, we describe a new genus and species of a well-preserved, soft-bodied, tubicolous polyp, Paleocanna tentaculum n. gen. n. sp., from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) Neuville Formation in Québec. These fossils, preserved as carbonaceous compressions, were found in association with typical shelly assemblages. Fifteen slabs of shaly limestone containing ~ 135 specimens of Paleocanna tentaculum n. gen. n. sp. were examined. Individual polyps occupied upright tubes, which occur either solitarily or in clusters. Some tubes exhibit a striated periderm near their base. The polyp is elongated, with a rounded aboral end and a consistent ring of tentacles protruding distally from the tube. A phylogenetic analysis of 69 taxa and 236 discrete morphological characters indicated that the species is more closely related to the extant crown group than it is to the other stem-group medusozoans, e.g., conulariids and carinachitids. The uniform orientation of specimens on single slabs suggests rapid burial. Paleocanna tentaculum n. gen. n. sp. represents an exceptionally preserved member of an Ordovician deposit exhibiting Burgess Shale-type soft-tissue preservation.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/12d03d82-1925-4578-873e-2e9c23db635f

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is common among pregnant women (PW) and has been associated with anaemia and adverse birth outcomes. However, in the Free State Province of South Africa, evidence regarding this is limited. Hence, this cross-sectional study investigated the vitA intake and status of PW in Bloemfontein and its association with anaemia, iron status and birth outcomes. Blood was taken from 427 PW to assess status of vitA (retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4)), iron (ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor), and anaemia (haemoglobin (Hb)). Sociodemographic, HIV, birth outcomes (birth weight and gestational age), and dietary vitA intake data were obtained using a questionnaire in an interview and medical records. Descriptive statistics and linear regression were used to describe variables and association between vitA and iron status and birth outcomes. Median vitA intake was 1007µgRAE/d, with 19% of participants’ intake below the EAR of 550µg/d. Median (IQR) RBP4 concentration was 1.51 (0.78) µmol/L. Insufficient vitA and VAD prevalence was 12.2% and 1.2%, respectively. VitA intake was positively associated with RBP4 (β=0.068; 95%CI: 0.020, 0.116; p=0.006). RBP4 was positively associated with Hb (β=0.363; 95%CI: 0.186, 0.539; p <0.001) and ferritin (β=0.359; 95%CI: 0.139, 0.579; p=0.001) but negatively with sTfR (β=-0.125; 95%CI: -0.246, -0.005, p=0.041). No significant association between plasma RBP4 and birth weight, as well as preterm birth was observed. There was a low prevalence of VAD in the study population. Nonetheless, the positive association between RBP4 and Hb, and ferritin highlights the importance of optimal vitA status in preventing maternal anaemia in pregnancy.

Research teams studying bilingualism often focus on a specific population of bilinguals, which can limit the generalizability of their findings. This study explored how U.S. adolescents who speak a non-English language vary in their language experiences and cognition using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The sample included 6683 English monolinguals, 1138 heritage bilinguals, 592 dual language education (DLE) bilinguals and 1751 other bilinguals. SES varied across groups: sequential bilinguals (i.e., DLE and other bilinguals) had higher parental education and income than monolinguals, while heritage bilinguals had the lowest SES. Sequential bilinguals reported higher English proficiency and greater English use with family and friends than heritage bilinguals. Sequential bilinguals initially outperformed monolinguals on cognitive tasks, who in turn outperformed heritage bilinguals. However, these differences disappeared once SES was controlled. Findings highlight the importance of considering SES and language experiences when studying bilingualism’s cognitive effects and help explain inconsistencies in prior research.

We compute the Galois groups of the reductions modulo a prime number p of the generating series of Apéry numbers, Domb numbers and Almkvist–Zudilin numbers. We observe in particular that their behaviour is governed by congruence conditions on p.

This article examines anti-colonialism and Third World solidarities in Britain during the 1970s and 1980s. It does so through a study of the Black Liberation Front (BLF), a Black Power group formed in London in 1971. The BLF saw themselves as part of a global Third World solidarity, and, as activists in Britain, identified their location as ‘inside the belly of the monster’. They understood racism and colonialism as global phenomena, and offered material support to anti-colonial movements across the world, especially in Africa. The prevailing historiography of Black activism in post-war Britain foregrounds domestic anti-racism. Based on a reading of the BLF’s publications, alongside subsequent memoirs by and interviews with former BLF members, this article argues for Black activism in Britain to be viewed through a more global lens. Moreover, it shows how a deeper understanding of transnational anti-colonialism reconfigures our understanding of the domestic politics of race. Historians of decolonization must attend to how twentieth-century geographies of race and migration created the conditions for solidarities that do not fit within a metropole–colony binary.

The notion of $\theta $-congruent numbers generalises the classical congruent number problem. A positive integer n is $\theta $-congruent if it is the area of a rational triangle with an angle $\theta $ whose cosine is rational. Das and Saikia [‘On $\theta $-congruent numbers over real number fields’, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 103(2) (2021), 218–229] established criteria for numbers to be $\theta $-congruent over certain real number fields and concluded their work by posing four open questions regarding the relationship between $\theta $-congruent and properly $\theta $-congruent numbers. In this work, we provide complete answers to those questions. Indeed, we remove a technical assumption from their result on fields with degrees coprime to six, provide a definitive answer for real cubic fields without congruence restrictions, extend the analysis to fields of degree six and examine the exceptional cases $n=1, 2, 3$ and $6$.

Ibogaine is a psychedelic alkaloid without an approved indication. Observational clinical research shows linkages between single administration of ibogaine and relief of symptoms of neuropsychiatric conditions including substance use disorder, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury. Ibogaine has multi-receptor actions, but the neurobiological mechanisms underlying such putative effects is unknown. Here we review and discuss the relevant literature, focusing on remyelination and metabolic restoration. We provide evidence that ibogaine upregulates markers of myelination following opioid administration; that conditions such as opioid use disorder, multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury are characterized by white matter pathology; that decreased myelination is related to dysregulated metabolic homeostasis, ischemia and hypoxia which may also play a role in these disorders. We conclude that multi-receptor actions of ibogaine, especially its affinities for the NMDA, kappa opioid and sigma receptors, in turn account for reduction in excitotoxicity, metabolic regulation, lasting neuroplasticity and immunomodulation that facilitates neuronal repair and remyelination providing a rationale for future investigation of its use as a therapeutic agent for these common central nervous system disorders.

The set of sums of two squares plays a significant role in number theory. We establish the existence of several rich monochromatic configurations in the natural numbers by exploiting algebraic structures induced by the set of sums of two squares. The proofs rely on algebraic properties arising from the induced structures on the Stone–Čech compactification of the natural numbers.

The widespread use of atrazine in corn since the 1960s has raised environmental concerns, such as ground and surface water contamination. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed label restrictions on atrazine to address these concerns and requires applicators to achieve herbicide mitigation points before applying herbicides. One way to achieve mitigation points is to reduce the proportion of the field that is treated. Therefore, research was conducted in 2023 in Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, North Carolina, Indiana, and Virginia, and in 2024 in Arkansas, Tennessee, and Indiana, to determine whether targeted applications can mitigate atrazine use in corn while maintaining weed control levels comparable to those achieved with broadcast applications. All plots, except the nontreated control, received paraquat and S-metolachlor immediately after planting in 2023, with amicarbazone and metribuzin added in 2024. Combinations of atrazine, glyphosate, and mesotrione were applied postemergence either broadcast, target-applied to emerged weeds, or a combination of broadcast and target-applied. Targeted applications of herbicides did not differ in weed control, including Palmer amaranth and morningglory species, compared to broadcast applications of the same active ingredients. No injury or differences in corn grain yield were observed. Targeted applications in 2023 covered 86% of the area, on average, while 52% of the area was sprayed on average in 2024. Differences in the area sprayed during the targeted application between years can be attributed to the reduced area of weed emergence from a more robust residual herbicide combination in 2024. Based on this research, targeted spray technology can reduce atrazine use in corn while providing weed control comparable to that achieved with broadcast applications.

The integration of phenotypic, genomic and pedigree data into a single-step model for predicting genomically enhanced estimated breeding values (GEBVs) has become crucial for the accurate genetic evaluation of dairy cattle. This study compared two widely used software implementations, MiXBLUP and BLUPF90IOD3, for the prediction of breeding values using the single-step G-BLUP model based on data from the Polish national evaluation for stature. Four core animal sets were tested, which differed in the selection of bulls and cows. The GEBVs were predicted and validated using different subsets of the population. Both software packages resulted in high correlations (0.89 and 0.97) between full and truncated dataset predictions and similar validation performance, with MiXBLUP exhibiting slightly greater consistency across different sets of core animals. The ranking of the top 50 bulls remained stable across the implementations. This study concludes that both software implementations provide comparable GEBV predictions, suggesting that software choice should consider computational efficiency, cost and modeling flexibility, with MiXBLUP offering additional options for GEBV estimation.