This article employs terroir as an analytical framework to examine how a place-specific tea acquired its reputation and contributed to processes of cultural self-fashioning in Song China. Focusing on Fujian’s Beiyuan 北苑 tea—exceptionally well documented in Song sources—it explores the close connections among tea, landscape appreciation, and place-making. Drawing on tea manuals and connoisseur writings, the article shows how literati linked tea quality to both natural conditions and cultural practices, using such associations to articulate refined taste and produce place-based knowledge. The case of Beiyuan tea reveals the emergence of a distinctly Chinese rhetoric of terroir, one that transformed environmental description into a rhetoric that mediated between local expertise and imperial order. Within this framework, place itself came to embody quality, integrating physical environment, cultural identity, and sensory experience.

The problem concerning water wave scattering by a floating breakwater has been an interesting subject of study under linearized water wave theory in the past few decades due to the reason that not only do these structures allow better water circulation to have smaller impact on sediment transport and fish migration, but also their construction is cost effective compared with the bottom founded structures. Modern study observes that thick breakwaters, with their larger and bulkier structure, are more effective at reducing wave energy compared with thin breakwaters. However, recent research reveals that breakwaters that combine both thin and thick parts offer enhanced performance by providing effective wave attenuation and reducing the construction costs. We may mention that these problems are primarily studied when the depth of water is uniform. However, in practice, the bathymetry of the water region is not uniform. This motivated us to study the problem of water wave scattering by a $ \boldsymbol \sqcap $-shaped floating breakwater (which is a combination of thick and thin parts) in the presence of a rectangular submarine trench. For analytical solution of the corresponding boundary value problem, the geometric symmetry of the problem simplifies the mathematical difficulty considerably. For this, the domain of definition is divided into smaller subdomains and by suitable matching conditions at the various boundaries of the subdomains, the corresponding boundary value problem is formulated in terms of two Fredholm-type integral equations. The multi-term Galerkin approximation technique, involving Chebyshev polynomials and ultraspherical Gegenbauer polynomials as basis functions, is employed to solve the integral equations. It is important to note here that the choice of basis functions depends on the types of singularities at the corner of the trench and at the submerged sharp edge of the breakwater. The solutions of the integral equations are then employed to evaluate reflection and transmission coefficients. Graphical illustrations show that the length, width of the trench and the width of the breakwater have definite impact on the reflected wave, transmitted wave and the force on the breakwater. It is observed that the presence of trench produces oscillations in the reflection and transmission coefficients. When the width of the trench is equal to the width of the breakwater, reflection and transmission coefficients show smooth uniform oscillations. However, when the width of the trench and the width of the breakwater are unequal, nonuniform, nonsmooth oscillations in the reflection and transmission coefficients are observed. It is interesting to note that for a particular width of the breakwater, the reflected wave of certain wavelength shows resonating behaviour. Also, with the increase of submerged length of the side wall of the $\large \boldsymbol \sqcap $-shaped breakwater, the horizontal force on the breakwater enhances and the vertical force diminishes. Additionally, it is observed that when the breakwater is present in a water region with a trench, the horizontal force is more than the vertical force. However, when the breakwater is present in uniformly deep water without a trench, the vertical force is more than the horizontal force.

In 1519, the German theologian and humanist Johann Eck published an edition and commentary on Pseudo-Dionysius’ Mystical theology. By examining this edition, this article explores the early modern reception of Pseudo-Dionysius and the influences that shaped Eck as a scholar. It categorises these influences into humanism, scholasticism and affective theology, analysing how each impacted his work. This article also argues that the purpose behind Eck’s edition is two-fold: to renew scholastic theology and to revive mystical theology by introducing or recommending it to an audience of scholastic theologians.

Numerical computation of the ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibrium magnetic field is at the base of stellarator optimisation and provides the starting point for solving more sophisticated partial differential equations like transport or turbulence models. Conventional approaches solve for a single stationary point of the ideal MHD equations, which is fully defined by three invariants and the numerical scheme employed by the solver. We present the first numerical approach that can solve for a continuous distribution of equilibria with fixed boundary and rotational transform, varying only the pressure invariant. This approach minimises the force residual by optimising parameters of multilayer perceptrons that map from a scalar pressure multiplier to the Fourier Zernike basis as implemented in the modern stellarator equilibrium solver DESC.

Postsecondary education is at the forefront of preparing the next generation of cultural resource management (CRM) practitioners for the workforce. We conducted a study from 2022 to 2023 to gain perspective on improving postsecondary CRM curricula in order to better prepare students for careers in CRM. Our research included semi-structured interviews of nine key consultants with careers in CRM, along with a survey of the broader CRM professional community in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Results from the research identified the necessary skills for new college graduates, areas where CRM programs could improve their curricula, and various approaches in and out of the classroom that are helpful in training students.

This article aims to demonstrate that the “Alevi Revival,” commonly described as the sudden increase in visibility of Alevis in Turkey in the early 1990s, was actually the result of a decade-long transformation experienced by Alevis in Europe since the late 1970s. This historical contextualization is not entirely novel but is typically only framed in reference to certain milestone events. The present article substantiates this approach based on an analysis of nine issues of Yurtseverler Birliği, one of the earliest Alevi political journals, published from 1982 to 1989 in Berlin and not yet studied. The evolving discourse surrounding Alevism in this journal’s issues provides the earliest substantial evidence for understanding the emergence and evolution of strategies employed to promote the visibility of Alevism from the 1980s to the 1990s. By the end of this period, the strategy of “making Alevism known” had become dominant in defining Alevism in Europe, in contrast to heterogeneous approaches to framing Alevism in Turkey. In this sense, the “Alevi Manifesto,” an open letter published in 1990 in Turkey, and the first Alevi Culture Week, organized a year before in Germany, should be regarded as outcomes of the preexisting context rather than the Revival’s initiation.

Our study evaluated a large language model (gpt-4o-mini) for surgical site infection (SSI) adjudication, achieving 100% sensitivity but 69.4% specificity. While reducing the manual screening workload by 66%, the agent generated many false positives, underscoring the need for refined models to improve specificity without compromising accuracy.

Knotroot foxtail is a troublesome perennial grass found in pastures across the Southeastern United States. Herbicides such as hexazinone and quinclorac are labeled for control of this weed; however, their efficacy can be inconsistent due to delayed or excessive rainfall, which limits herbicide movement into the soil for root uptake, allowing knotroot foxtail rhizomes to survive and produce new shoots, resulting in reduced control. A greenhouse study was conducted at Auburn University, Alabama, in 2023 and 2024 to evaluate the effect of rainfall timing on the efficacy of quinclorac and hexazinone in controlling knotroot foxtail. Knotroot foxtail plants averaging 28 cm in height were treated with quinclorac (0.4 kg ae ha-1) or hexazinone (0.8 kg ai ha-1), followed by simulated rainfall (6.3 mm) applied at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days after herbicide treatment. Hexazinone provided greater knotroot foxtail control and rhizome biomass reduction than quinclorac. At 51 days after each rainfall treatment (DAERT), hexazinone provided 90% control, compared with 76% with quinclorac. In 2024, at 51 DAERT, control with hexazinone ranged from 99% to 92% when rainfall occurred within 0 to 6 days after application, but declined to 85% and 81% when rainfall was delayed until 12 and 15 days, respectively. Similarly, quinclorac-treated plants achieved 87% to 77% control when rainfall occurred within 0 to 9 days, but control dropped to 67% to 62% with delayed rainfall at 12 to 15 days. Relative to the nontreated control, hexazinone and quinclorac reduced knotroot foxtail rhizome biomass by 72% and 42%, respectively. Early rainfall (0 to 6 days) after herbicide application enhanced knotroot foxtail control, while delayed rainfall reduced herbicide effectiveness. This study underscores the importance of the timing of application when hexazinone or quinclorac is used for knotroot foxtail management before precipitation events.

As gauged by the factors usually believed to determine legislative success with Congress—party control, seat share, and presidential approval—President Trump was situated similarly during the first years of each of his terms. Yet, he achieved substantially greater legislative success in 2025 than in 2017. This contrast indicates that the conventional explanatory factors no longer fully capture what drives presidential success in an era of intense party polarization. Instead, intraparty dynamics and legislative strategy have an important role in shaping outcomes under unified government today. Understanding contemporary presidential effectiveness requires looking beyond seat shares and public opinion to the internal politics of the governing coalition.