The co-occurrence of mental illness and substance use disorders (SUDs) presents a significant public health challenge with affected individuals facing compounded stigma that leads to poor health outcomes, social exclusion, and systemic neglect. Despite growing recognition of stigma as a social determinant of health in people with comorbid mental illness and SUDs, current responses remain largely confined to clinical and academic settings. This article argues that civil society, particularly groups led by individuals with lived experience, represents an underutilized yet powerful force in combating stigma. Drawing from historical movements such as HIV/AIDS activism and contemporary examples from peer-led movements, we highlight how civil society organizations (CSOs) have reshaped public discourse, influenced policy, and fostered inclusive research. We examine emerging efforts in low resource settings and explore the transformative potential of digital civil society spaces. We advocate for a shift in stigma reduction paradigms to those that center lived experience, supports cross-sectoral collaboration, and recognizes both physical and digital civil society as essential to inclusive and sustainable change. To addressing the complex and intersecting stigmas associated with comorbid mental illness and SUDs, we recommend investing in CSOs, especially those grounded in participatory, culturally relevant approaches, particularly in low- and middle-income settings.

To anticipate relationships between future climate change and societal violence, we need theory to establish causal links and case studies to estimate interactions between driving forces. Here, we couple evolutionary ecology with a machine-learning statistical approach to investigate the long-term effects of climate change, population growth, and inequality on intergroup conflict among farmers in the North American Southwest. Through field investigations, we generate a new archaeological dataset of farming settlements in the Bears Ears National Monument spanning 1,300 years (0 to AD 1300) to evaluate the direct and interactive effects of precipitation, temperature, climate shocks, demography, and wealth inequality on habitation site defensibility—our proxy for intergroup conflict. We find that conflict peaked during dry, warm intervals when population density and inequality were highest. Results support our theoretical predictions and suggest cascading effects, whereby xeric conditions favored population aggregation into an increasingly small, heterogenous area, which increased resource stress and inequality and promoted intergroup conflict over limited productive patches. This dynamic likely initiated feedback loops, whereby conflict exacerbated shortfalls and fostered mistrust, which drove further aggregation and competition. Results reveal complex interactions among socioclimatological conditions, all of which may have contributed to regional depopulation during the thirteenth century AD.

We define a natural notion of standard translation for the formulas of conditional logic which is analogous to the standard translation of modal formulas into the first-order logic. We briefly show that this translation works (modulo a lightweight first-order encoding of the conditional models) for the minimal classical conditional logic $\mathsf {CK}$ introduced by Brian Chellas in [3]; however, the main result of the article is that a classically equivalent reformulation of these notions (i.e., of standard translation plus theory of conditional models) also faithfully embeds the basic Nelsonian conditional logic $\mathsf {N4CK}$, introduced in [11] into $\mathsf {QN4}$, the paraconsistent variant of Nelson’s first-order logic of strong negation. Thus $\mathsf {N4CK}$ is the logic induced by the Nelsonian reading of the classical Chellas semantics of conditionals and can, therefore, be considered a faithful analogue of $\mathsf {CK}$ on the non-classical basis provided by the propositional fragment of $\mathsf {QN4}$. Moreover, the methods used to prove our main result can be easily adapted to the case of modal logic, which makes it possible to improve an older result [10, Proposition 7] by S. Odintsov and H. Wansing about the standard translation embedding of the Nelsonian modal logic $\mathsf {FSK}^d$ into $\mathsf {QN4}$.

This study explores the heterogeneous and asymmetric macro-financial effects of weather-related shocks in Central, Eastern and Southeastern European countries, depending on the level of underlying macro-financial vulnerabilities. Focusing solely on acute physical risks – those arising from extreme weather events – it employs panel quantile regression analysis to examine data from 2000Q1–2022Q4 for 17 countries in the region. Notably, we find that weather shocks – particularly droughts, floods, heatwaves and wildfires – exacerbate macroeconomic and financial imbalances, increasing the susceptibility of already vulnerable economies to additional risks. Specifically, countries with higher economic imbalances suffer more severe output disruptions and heightened inflationary pressures following a weather shock. While the immediate impact of climate shocks on external imbalances is limited, countries with existing vulnerabilities may still encounter longer-term pressures on trade and investment patterns. Additionally, extreme weather events can intensify financial vulnerabilities for countries that are already grappling with lower levels of financial resilience.

Michael Blake, Yuna Blajer de la Garza, and Alex Zakaras offer insightful critiques of several arguments central to my book Beyond the Law’s Reach? In the process, they raise large questions in political philosophy more generally, especially as it pertains to global affairs. Blake is skeptical about the distinction, driving much of the book, between consolidated liberal democracies and jurisdictions where the “shadow of violence” prevails. Blajer de la Garza worries that the international reparative duties that the book highlights may linger indefinitely, and, consequently, be exploited by cynical political actors. Finally, whereas Beyond the Law’s Reach? argues that liberal democracies’ collective integrity is affected by their entanglement in violence and corruption abroad, Zakaras doubts whether this collective moral problem carries over into the individual level, given individual citizens’ reasonable ignorance of policy details. I offer responses to each of these critiques in turn. I conclude by highlighting the picture of democratic civic responsibility that emerges from these responses.

Sri Lanka is immersed in the ideology of Buddhist primacy: “the island belongs to its Sinhala Buddhists, and Buddhism should dominate the state.” Why does this ideology attract? The standard answer is that it justifies the power of the Sinhala Buddhist ethnic group. This article offers a different take through two contestations of modernity. It draws from Sabhyatva Rajya Kara or Towards a Civilisation-State by the Sinhala public intellectual Gunadasa Amarasekara, and the work of post-secular thinkers such as Jurgen Habermas, Charles Taylor, and Nicholas Wolterstorff, and argues that, along with power, Buddhist primacy attracts because it offers an invitation to join a dignifying, heroic narrative, and a vision of “fullness.” That is, there is more to Buddhist primacy than power. This points to the need for a richer human anthropology, and a fuller account of religion, in studies of religion and constitutions.

Nisbett and Wilson’s (1977) classic study in social cognition, the so-called ‘stocking case’, is a long-lasting authority that has often been interpreted as providing empirical support for the claim that introspection regarding mental processes such as the decision-making process is untrustworthy. In this article, I argue that such interpretations fail to identify the appropriate targets of introspection or appropriate object of criticism, thus leading to the emergence of several sceptical views. I show that researchers erroneously view the psychological causes of mental processes, rather than the processes themselves, as the targets of introspection and erroneously equate introspection about the decision-making process with mechanisms such as reasoning and retrospection. Therefore, sceptical views concerning the trustworthiness of introspection about the decision-making process ultimately commit two fallacies pertaining to – what I call – equivocal targets and equivocal mechanisms.

Informative path planning (IPP) is one of key applications for unmanned aerial vehicles. It can be applied to terrain monitoring problems, which are to find the static targets from bird’s eye view. In this research, the proposed algorithm generates the cost-benefit spanning tree (CBST) to boost the IPP performance. The CBST is able to generate different tree structures based on different parameters. The proofs show that the theoretical guarantees depend on the tree structures (e.g., minimal spanning tree and shortest path tree). The simulations and experiments demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the benchmark approaches.

In his new book Beyond the Law’s Reach? Shmuel Nili shows how affluent democracies have become entangled with violent autocratic regimes and brutal international cartels, and have thereby become complicit in serious global injustices. This essay asks who bears responsibility for this complicity. It argues that citizens of affluent democratic societies often share responsibility for their own government’s unjust entanglements and explores the conditions under which this holds true. It focuses in particular on the challenge posed by relatively “obscure” injustices, which even well-informed citizens cannot be expected to know about. In addressing these cases, this essay outlines a theory of civic obligation that can help explain when citizens have a duty to take action against government injustice and clarify how much they can be expected to know about their representatives’ wrongdoing.

The production, trade, and consumption of meat products and their movement around the planet were essential to the development of global markets during the first wave of globalization. This article analyzes the main changes in the ownership structure and profile of the beef industry in South America from the late nineteenth century until 1930 and how this process was reflected in certain macroeconomic variables. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the drivers of success of the meat-producing regions of Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, and Patagonia (both the Argentine and Chilean sides), and also examined the failure cases of Venezuela and the Colombian Caribbean.

We study some strong combinatorial properties of MAD families. An ideal $\mathcal {I}$ is Shelah–Steprāns if for every set $X\subseteq \left [ \omega \right ] ^{<\omega }$, there is an element of $\mathcal {I}$ that either intersects every set in X or contains infinitely many members of it. We prove that a Borel ideal is Shelah–Steprāns if and only if it is Katětov above the ideal fin$\times $fin, and that Shelah–Steprāns MAD families have strong indestructibility properties (in particular, they are both Cohen and random indestructible). We also consider some other strong combinatorial properties of MAD families. It is proved that it is consistent to have $\operatorname {\mathrm {non}}(\mathcal {M}) = {\aleph }_{1}$ and no Shelah–Steprāns families of size ${\aleph }_{1}$. We develop a general machinery for producing models of set theory with $\operatorname {\mathrm {non}}(\mathcal {M}) = {\aleph }_{1}$ in order to prove this result.

We study a queueing system with a fixed number of parallel service stations of infinite servers, each having a dedicated arrival process, and one flexible arrival stream that is routed to one of the service stations according to a ‘weighted’ shortest queue policy. We consider the model with general arrival processes and general service time distributions. Assuming that the dedicated arrival rates are of order n and the flexible arrival rate is of order $\sqrt{n}$, we show that the diffusion-scaled queueing processes converge to a stochastic Volterra integral equation with ‘ranks’ driven by a continuous Gaussian process. It reduces to the limiting diffusion with a discontinuous drift in the Markovian setting.

New discoveries prompt reinterpretations of one of the most enigmatic echinoderm classes, the Cyclocystoidea. Exceptionally well-preserved cyclocystoids have been discovered in the Upper Ordovician (Katian) Kirkfield and Verulam formations in the Lake Simcoe region of southern Ontario, Canada. Four different cyclocystoid taxa are present, including Cyclocystoides cf. C. scammaphoris, Nicholsodiscus cf. N. anticostiensis, Zygocycloides marstoni, and Brechincycloides stanhynei new genus new species. These specimens reveal that the central disk of cyclocystoids consists largely of perforate extraxial plates and that the ever-present sutural pores are epispires surrounded by annular plates that may or may not be in lateral contact with each other. The specimens of B. stanhynei n. gen. n. sp. are significant because they are the first cyclocystoid fossils to reveal that the hydropore/gonopore and periproct are positioned on the aboral side of the central disk. The suggestively complex marginal ring, previously of undetermined origin, represents articulated floor plates in a circular arrangement supporting a circumferential water vascular system. Furthermore, the marginal ring reveals growth zones that correspond to axes of pentaradial symmetry. In the new interpretation, cupules are tube foot basins, and channels through the marginal ossicles can be explained best in the context of the axial origin as floor plates accompanied by a cover plate system. Application of the Extraxial–Axial Theory (EAT) compels a revised understanding of key anatomies comparable with other early radial echinoderms. We document evidence for cyclocystoid orientation in life with epispires facing upward and the tube foot basins in the floor plates directed towards the substrate. The new family Brechincycloididae is proposed for all cyclocystoids whose apomorphy consists of a flat, attenuated shelf tapering away from the proximal side of each floor plate.

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