Machine learning, an artificial intelligence (AI) approach, provides scope for developing predictive modelling in mental health. The ability of machine learning algorithms to analyse vast amounts of data and make predictions about the onset or course of mental health problems makes this approach a valuable tool in mental health research of the future. The right use of this approach could improve personalisation and precision of medical and non-medical treatment approaches. However, ensuring the availability of large, good-quality data-sets that represent the diversity of the population, along with the need for openness and transparency of the AI approaches, are some of the challenges that need to be overcome. This article provides an overview of current machine learning applications in mental health research, synthesising literature identified through targeted searches of key databases and expert knowledge to examine research developments and emerging applications of AI-enabled predictive modelling in psychiatry. The article appraises both the potential applications and current challenges of AI-based predictive modelling in psychiatric practice and research.

The presence of children in eighteenth-century English voluntary hospitals is an area of increasing interest and attention. The Northampton Infirmary admission records detail inpatient and outpatient ages from 1744 to 1804, allowing for longitudinal investigations of children in the institution. The most common distempers affecting children were surgical infections, infectious diseases, and skin diseases; fifty-six per cent of the child patients were male and 43.3 per cent were female. Nearly seventy-five per cent of children left the hospital ‘cured’. This article outlines the Northampton Infirmary Eighteenth Century Child Admission Database, and demonstrates how the patterning of distempers within and among children provides insight into the health journeys of eighteenth-century children through the lens of their bodies, their parents, and their institutional recommenders.

Over the past two decades, there have been encouraging achievements in the surgical treatment of children with congenital tracheal stenosis. Slide tracheoplasty has become the standard surgical procedure for the correction of long-segment congenital tracheal stenosis with abnormal bronchial morphology in many medical centres around the world. Identification of the shape and degree of tracheal stenosis before operation is helpful to develop a better surgical strategy. Flexible application of slide tracheoplasty can effectively correct different types of congenital tracheal stenosis. Cardiopulmonary bypass and intraoperative fiberoptic bronchoscopy are helpful to improve the efficiency of surgery. Postoperative multidisciplinary cooperative management can improve the prognosis of children. Biodegradable scaffolds, tissue-engineered trachea, and 3D printing technology are based on a completely different perspective from traditional medicine. The initial attempts in the biomedical field provide a new idea for the treatment of congenital tracheal stenosis. This article reviews the classification, past and current situation, advantages, surgical indications, surgical techniques, prognosis, related risk factors, and prospects of slide tracheoplasty in the treatment of congenital tracheal stenosis in children.

This paper provides an overview of key concepts in evolutionary psychiatry, summarising major evolutionary explanations for mental illness and highlighting the potential of these perspectives to enhance assessment, diagnosis, explanation to the patient, treatment and prevention strategies. Expanding beyond conventional evolutionary approaches, we explore environmental influences on mental health and illness, emphasising the significant areas of convergence between evolutionary and environmental viewpoints. We then propose an integrated framework that combines insights from both perspectives, offering general principles for improving mental health outcomes at both individual and population levels. The discussion includes implications for general practice, public health and broader societal considerations, with particular reference to concepts such as biophilia and the emerging role of ‘green care’ in psychiatric practice.

In the region of Cyrenaica is located the rural sanctuary of Martuba, where two altars and a set of statues have been discovered that have traditionally been linked to the goddess Isis. However, through a comparison with other elements belonging both to the region and to Numidian and Phoenician-Punic areas, as well as Egypt, this paper defends their identification not with the Egyptian divinity, but with the one with which a process of hybridisation or religious bricolage took place at some point prior to Herodotus, the puissance divine called for convenience ‘Luna’ (Moon). This suggests the presence of two intertwined cultural traditions that have contributed to the formation of an innovative and distinct local reality. The resultant cultural artefact is characterised by a synthesis of influences from dominant cultures, such as Roman and Egyptian, while retaining distinctive elements that are unique to the Libyan-Phoenician tradition.

Neuroimaging research must reflect the diversity of the populations it aims to serve. This scoping review examines the demographic characteristics (age, sex, race and ethnicity, and geographic representation) of participants in brain MRI and positron-emission tomography studies conducted in Quebec, Canada, between 1992 and 2023. A total of 1,549 studies, representing 62,555 participants, were identified through searches of Medline, Embase and Google Scholar, following JBI methodology. The vast majority of studies (92.7%) were conducted in Montreal, with limited representation from other urban centers and almost none from rural areas. Reporting of demographic variables was inconsistent: 22.1% of studies failed to report participant age adequately, and 20.3% did not fully report sex. Race and ethnicity were the most poorly documented, with fewer than 4% of studies reporting this information. Among the 2,396 participants with recorded race and ethnicity, 94.2% were categorized as White, highlighting a significant mismatch with Quebec’s population diversity. Healthy participant samples were largely concentrated in the 20–35 age range, while clinical populations generally aligned with the expected age of disease onset. These findings reveal major gaps in demographic representation and reporting in Quebec-based neuroimaging research. Improving diversity and transparency is essential to ensure that neuroimaging findings are generalizable, equitable and clinically meaningful. We recommend the adoption of standardized demographic reporting formats, such as the Brain Imaging Data Structure, and broader recruitment efforts to capture underrepresented groups, including rural residents and racial and ethnic minorities.

One cannot justifiably presuppose the physical salience of structures derived via decoherence theory based upon an entirely uninterpreted use of the quantum formalism. Non-probabilistic accounts of the emergence of probability via decoherence are unconvincing. An alternative account of the emergence of probability involves the combination of a partially interpreted decoherence model and an averaging of observables with respect to a positive-definite quasi-probability function and neglect of terms of $O\left( \hbar \right)$. Our analysis delimits the context in which the combination of decoherence and a semi-classical averaging allows us to recover a classical probability model within an emergent coarse-grained description.

Forest structure has a significant impact on the quality of habitat for various bird communities. In particular, birds that rely on forests, such as woodpeckers, are sensitive to changes in the characteristics of the forest. However, there is limited knowledge on how woodpeckers respond to these changes in forests outside protected areas, and in the highly seasonal Eastern Himalaya. To address this gap, a study was conducted in the differently managed non-protected forests of Darjeeling, Eastern Himalaya, India, spanning an elevation range of 250–2,400 m. The study aimed to identify the key forest characteristics that influence woodpecker diversity at the community and individual species levels. Data on woodpeckers were collected using point counts along transects during the pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter seasons. Habitat characteristics were assessed using 20 × 20 m quadrats at each observation point. The study recorded 1,721 individual woodpeckers belonging to 13 species from 3,456 point counts. The results indicated that the basal area and density of snags were the main factors influencing woodpecker diversity. Woodpeckers in the study area showed a significant negative relationship with the basal area, tree density, and tree diameter diversity. This suggests that woodpeckers prefer high snag density but scattered, smaller, and more uniformly sized trees in the study area. Among individual species, the Greater Yellownape Chrysophlegma flavinucha and Grey-capped Pygmy Yungipicus canicapillus Woodpeckers showed a strong preference for high snag density, while Bay Woodpeckers Blythipicus pyrrhotis were closely associated with high canopy cover and denser forests. Seasonal effects had minimal influence on woodpecker diversity in the study area. The study contradicts the typical preference of large woodpeckers for large trees and greater basal areas, despite four large-sized species making up 75% of the woodpecker community in the region. Thus, the findings highlight the importance of considering species-specific, region-specific, and management-specific habitat requirements when developing conservation strategies.

Standard conceptions of discrimination cannot account for all that is morally wrong about discrimination, as they cannot explain how individual acts of discrimination wrong not only their direct target but also all members of the targeted social group. In response to this lacuna, I develop a comprehensive account according to which discrimination consists of two interdependent wrongs: to discriminate against B, A must, first, treat B worse than C in a way that is grave enough to make this differential treatment morally wrong; and second, A must do so in a way that is disrespectful to B and to the social group B is perceived to belong to.