This study examined the underlying types of intergenerational relationship and social support network among impaired older adults in China and explained how they may influence the home- and community-based service (HCBS) purchase intentions of these individuals. Based on the 2018 and 2020 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Aging and Social Survey, a total of 3,397 older adults (aged ≥ 60 years, with at least one child) were selected. First, we used K-means cluster analysis to identify five types of intergenerational relationship among Chinese families: ‘tight-knit and proximal’, ‘parent-oriented and intimate’, ‘distant but intimate’, ‘independent-intimate’ and ‘child-oriented but emotionally detached’. Second, we examined the sizes of three distinct types of social support network among older Chinese adults: contact, instrumental and emotional. Subsequently, binary logistic regression was conducted to examine the relative impact of intergenerational relationships and social support networks on impaired older adults’ HCBS purchase intentions. Our findings revealed that under the moderation of social support networks, reciprocal intergenerational relationships exhibited fewer HCBS purchase intentions, while imbalanced intergenerational relationships exhibited diverse HCBS purchase intentions. The findings also underscore the ‘bridge’ function of older adults’ social support networks and the importance of community participation in promoting older adults’ utilization of support services.

The escalating dengue crisis in Peru demands immediate action from global health organizations, health care authorities, and government officials. Endemic to Peru, dengue has seen a drastic increase in cases, with the largest outbreak on record occurring in the first half of 2023, resulting in 139 366 confirmed cases and 381 deaths. Despite efforts to contain the outbreak through integrated surveillance and response strategies, the crisis worsened in 2024 due to drastic climate changes, exacerbating conditions for dengue transmission. Heavy rains since December 2023 have caused flooding and landslides, creating ideal breeding grounds for dengue vectors. Overwhelmed local authorities, especially in areas with limited access to public services due to floods and landslides, struggle to manage the crisis. With more than half the population at risk of dengue infection, urgent measures are required to control the spread of dengue and mitigate increasing mortality rates. Targeted interventions in areas with limited health care access are crucial, considering underreporting and limitations of health systems, to accurately assess the true burden of the disease and prevent further escalation of the crisis.

This paper investigates a well-known downside protection strategy called the constant proportion portfolio insurance (CPPI) in defined contribution (DC) pension fund modeling. Under discrete time trading CPPI, an investor faces the risk of portfolio value hitting the floor which denotes the process of guaranteed portfolio values. In this paper, we question how to deal with so-called ‘gap risk’ which may appear due to uncontrollable events resulting in a sudden drop in the market. In the market model considered, the risky asset price and the labor income are assumed to be continuous-time stochastic processes, whereas trading is restricted to discrete-time. In this setting, an exotic option (namely, the ‘cushion option’) is proposed with the aim of reducing the risk that the portfolio value falls below the defined floor. We analyze the effectiveness of the proposed exotic option for a DC plan CPPI strategy through Monte Carlo simulations and sensitivity analyses with respect to the parameters reflecting different setups.

This article suggests that classification exercises were the quintessential modality for both the narrative and labour–management relations of occupational health and safety in Indian mines for the period 1895–1970. The extant literature has underestimated the cause-and-effect relationship that such classification practices had, including punitive safety regulation clauses, compensation clauses, the public image of firms, forms of knowledge, and stakeholder bargaining. The narrative of work hazards fundamentally forged casualty classification patterns. The ascertainment techniques applied to casualty, perceptions of occupational risk, and the politics of restitution shaped the narratives and defined patterns of casualty classification. Management devised various ways to present a decent picture of mining through casualty statistics. Later, critiques of this business practice exposed statistical discrepancies and flaws in the classification system, challenging the built-in business-blindness. From the late 1920s, the informed, organized mineworkers articulated their experiences of workplace risk; they confronted the managerial discourse of “unavoidable” work hazards and mineworkers’ liability for casualty. The mineworkers’ publicists and the government of the Republic of India took an interest in research on occupational health and safety and its regulation. They aimed at industrial efficiency and national reconstruction by creating a healthy, contented, and experienced workforce. All this steered the classification exercises of industrialists and public authorities towards favourable changes. The twin forces of capital and working people converged on the restitution measures articulated within the utilitarian paradigm. The latter, ironically, contributed to valorizing the narrative of risk and sacrifice in the lives of mineworkers.

Financial losses can have persistent effects on the financial system. This article proposes an empirical measure for the duration of these effects, Spillover Persistence. I document that Spillover Persistence is strongly correlated with financial conditions; during banking crises, Spillover Persistence is higher, whereas in the run-up phase of stock market bubbles, it is lower. Lower Spillover Persistence also associates with a more fragile system, for example, a higher probability of future crises, consistent with the volatility paradox. The results emphasize the dynamics of loss spillovers as an important dimension of systemic risk and financial constraints as a key determinant of persistence.

“Stealth mergers” are not reported to the government because they fall below the required size threshold. We study stealth mergers involving public targets for which manipulation of transaction sizes is unlikely. These stealth mergers result in less R&D spending, patenting, and capital expenditures, and in lower value patents for both acquiring firms and their competitors relative to non-stealth mergers. Industry concentration increases, and product market competition decreases for stealth acquirers. Stealth acquirers and their competitors earn higher cumulative abnormal returns relative to non-stealth mergers. Our results suggest more government scrutiny is warranted for stealth mergers.

We introduce a comprehensive method for establishing stochastic orders among order statistics in the independent and identically distributed case. This approach relies on the assumption that the underlying distribution is linked to a reference distribution through a transform order. Notably, this method exhibits broad applicability, particularly since several well-known nonparametric distribution families can be defined using relevant transform orders, including the convex and the star transform orders. Moreover, for convex-ordered families, we show that an application of Jensen’s inequality gives bounds for the probability that a random variable exceeds the expected value of its corresponding order statistic.

Catalyzed by the surge in climate litigation worldwide, this article examines the tension between the moral imperatives of intergenerational justice and the operational constraints of positivist legal frameworks. It hypothesizes that while positivist doctrine prima facie challenges judicial application of intergenerational justice principles, reconciliation is possible through contextually attuned adjudication and evolved conceptions of legal principles for the Anthropocene. The article explores three key litigation strategies: dynamic interpretation of existing rights, application of constitutional future generations clauses, and procedural mechanisms for representing future interests. Building on European climate judgments, it analyzes how these approaches strain positivist tenets and animate separation-of-powers objections. The article argues that addressing interpretive and foundational challenges posed by climate change requires both doctrinal innovation and theoretical reconstruction. It shows how contextual constitutionalism can help courts to acknowledge intergenerational duties while preserving legal determinacy, and explores how positivism might evolve to accommodate multigenerational climate governance. Situating leading cases within debates between positivism and non-positivist theories, the article offers a roadmap for developing a framework of legal validity suited to the era-defining challenge of climate change.

In response to the requirements for assessing the impact safety of aero-engines, a high-fidelity numerical simulation method based on overset mesh technology for six-degree-of-freedom rigid body motion is proposed. A gas-solid two-phase flow model is established, coupling two types of ice-debris (externally ingested ice and internally delaminated ice) with air, to analyse their behaviour in a dorsal S-shaped inlet with a diffusion ratio of 1.3. Results indicate that the ice-debris entering from the upper region of the entrance section exerts the most significant distortion on the total-pressure at the engine inlet. Additionally, the behaviour of ice-debris is determined by its angle with respect to the incoming flow direction and the shape of ice. Furthermore, although the ice-debris detached from the entrance section poses no immediate threat to the engine, the prolonged acceleration by high-speed airflow, with velocity increments exceeding 45 m/s, results in a higher kinetic energy carried upon impact with the inlet walls. Regarding externally ingested ice-debris, a smaller initial velocity corresponds to a higher probability of impacting the engine, accompanied by a significant increase in velocity. For instance, the irregular ice-debris ingested at an initial velocity of 6 m/s can experience velocity amplification exceeding 590%.

This paper is an extended version of Bílková et al. ((2023b). Logic, Language, Information, and Computation. WoLLIC 2023, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 13923, Cham, Springer Nature Switzerland, 101–117.). We discuss two-layered logics formalising reasoning with probabilities and belief functions that combine the Łukasiewicz $[0,1]$-valued logic with Baaz $\triangle$ operator and the Belnap–Dunn logic. We consider two probabilistic logics – $\mathsf {Pr}^{{\mathsf {\unicode {x0141}}}^2}_\triangle$ (introduced by Bílková et al. 2023d. Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, 103338.) and $\mathbf {4}\mathsf {Pr}^{{\mathsf {\unicode {x0141}}}_\triangle }$ (from Bílková et al. 2023b. Logic, Language, Information, and Computation. WoLLIC 2023, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 13923, Cham, Springer Nature Switzerland, 101–117.) – that present two perspectives on the probabilities in the Belnap–Dunn logic. In $\mathsf {Pr}^{{\mathsf {\unicode {x0141}}}^2}_\triangle$, every event $\phi$ has independent positive and negative measures that denote the likelihoods of $\phi$ and $\neg \phi$, respectively. In $\mathbf {4}\mathsf {Pr}^{{\mathsf {\unicode {x0141}}}_\triangle }$, the measures of the events are treated as partitions of the sample into four exhaustive and mutually exclusive parts corresponding to pure belief, pure disbelief, conflict and uncertainty of an agent in $\phi$. In addition to that, we discuss two logics for the paraconsistent reasoning with belief and plausibility functions from Bílková et al. ((2023d). Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, 103338.) – $\mathsf {Bel}^{{\mathsf {\unicode {x0141}}}^2}_\triangle$ and $\mathsf {Bel}^{\mathsf {N}{\mathsf {\unicode {x0141}}}}$. Both these logics equip events with two measures (positive and negative) with their main difference being that in $\mathsf {Bel}^{{\mathsf {\unicode {x0141}}}^2}_\triangle$, the negative measure of $\phi$ is defined as the belief in $\neg \phi$ while in $\mathsf {Bel}^{\mathsf {N}{\mathsf {\unicode {x0141}}}}$, it is treated independently as the plausibility of $\neg \phi$. We provide a sound and complete Hilbert-style axiomatisation of $\mathbf {4}\mathsf {Pr}^{{\mathsf {\unicode {x0141}}}_\triangle }$ and establish faithful translations between it and $\mathsf {Pr}^{\mathsf {\unicode {x0141}}^2}_\triangle$. We also show that the validity problem in all the logics is $\mathsf {coNP}$-complete.

The Turkish state long enforced intellectual property (IP) rights only loosely. Then, in the 1980s and 1990s, market liberalization and trade agreements drove an overhaul of the country’s copyright regime that transformed musical ownership and creativity, though music copyright stakeholders view this legal reform as ongoing. This article builds on existing accounts of legal consciousness to ethnographically document how a range of music industry actors—including legal professionals, musicians, music industry executives, and commercial users of copyrighted music—participate in IP reform. I identify a distinct set of cultural schemas that mediate such actors’ legal consciousness in this context. The internationally integrated nature of the copyright system, together with Turkey’s geopolitical positioning on the margins of Europe, has produced a reflexive aspect of legal consciousness in which Turkish citizens exhibit a heightened group status awareness as they compare their experience of domestic IP law to the imagined situation elsewhere. In a novel contribution to the literature, I observe how they often make sense of perceived dissonances between the ideals and practice of the law through culturally intimate narratives, taking the copyright system’s purported failures to typify something essential about what it means to be a citizen of Turkey.

In this study, a novel measure of interest in all (264) natural or mixed World Heritage sites sourced from an online platform is contrasted with the degree and number of threats as formally identified by the UNESCO (in its State of Conservation database) and the IUCN (in its Conservation Outlook Assessment reporting), when typical site characteristics are accounted for. Information on TripAdvisor reviews is the digitally sourced measure, and the site characteristics originate from the UNESCO World Heritage database including size, year of inscription, kind of site as well as a distinction between mixed and fully natural sites. Results reveal that the number of reviews and threats both relate to years of inscription, kind of site and to a certain extent continent. The degree of threat reacts to all site characteristics except continent. The analysis reveals that TripAdvisor measures the popularity of the site, although this does not automatically mean that it is also threatened.

Geriatric (old age) psychiatry faces growing challenges amid Europe’s ageing population. This editorial emphasises the need for specialised training, mentorship and subspecialty recognition to attract young psychiatrists. By addressing structural gaps and fostering innovation, the field offers a rewarding career in enhancing older adults’ mental healthcare and quality of life.

This article makes the case for recognizing the connection between the Poor Law and the Adoption of Children Act 1926. A child who received welfare under the Poor Law could be de facto adopted by the guardians as early as the late-nineteenth century. Very little is known about this type of de facto adoption which is a significant gap because over 10,000 children were adopted in this way, and it provided the basis for latter de jure adoption. This article initiates the process of filling this gap by exploring archival resources to determine why children were de facto adopted under the Poor Law before the introduction of de jure adoption in 1926. Understanding this form of de facto adoption is important because it was justified as a mechanism of child protection, but this article contends it was another form of punishment designed for families experiencing material deprivation which directly influenced the law on de jure adoption in England. By establishing the connection between the 1926 Act and its Poor Law predecessor, the de jure adoption framework can be contextualized within its wider social history which is embedded in class conflict and distrust toward impoverished families.

This article uses the career and writings of political philosopher Wu Teh-yao (1916-1994) to argue that Singapore in the 1970s–1980s embodied crucial aspects of conservatism as a modern, transnational ideological project in post-Second World War Asia. Wu opposed radicalism and was sceptical towards liberal democracy and Westernisation, all while promoting culture and tradition to legitimise a less-than-democratic political and social order. His worldview was shaped by a peripatetic life that spanned Asia and the United States and found expression in his propaganda work for the United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia, presidency of Tunghai University, and, above all, contributions to nation building in Singapore. Indeed, during this period, no intellectual lent as much discursive and administrative support, in English and Chinese, to legitimising authoritarianism and social conservatism in the city-state. Both intellectual biography and social history of ideology, the article explains how Singapore represented the realisation of what we typically call ‘Asian Values’ and was embedded within a wider conservative ideoscape. It questions the conventional temporality and genealogy of Asian Values, arguing that they did not simply flow downwards from upon high, but were also produced and circulated by figures who operated between the state and public.