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Ultra-thin liquid sheets generated by impinging two liquid jets are crucial high-repetition-rate targets for laser ion acceleration and ultra-fast physics, and serve widely as barrier-free samples for structural biochemistry. The impact of liquid viscosity on sheet thickness should be comprehended fully to exploit its potential. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that viscosity significantly influences thickness distribution, while surface tension primarily governs shape. We propose a thickness model based on momentum exchange and mass transport within the radial flow, which agrees well with the experiments. These results provide deeper insights into the behaviour of liquid sheets and enable accurate thickness control for various applications, including atomization nozzles and laser-driven particle sources.
Cavitation bubble pulsation and liquid jet loads are the main causes of hydraulic machinery erosion. Methods to weaken the load influences have always been hot topics of related research. In this work, a method of attaching a viscous layer to a rigid wall is investigated in order to reduce cavitation pulsations and liquid jet loads, using both numerical simulations and experiments. A multiphase flow model incorporating viscous effects has been developed using the Eulerian finite element method (EFEM), and experimental methods of a laser-induced bubble near the viscous layer attached on a rigid wall have been carefully designed. The effects of the initial bubble–wall distance, the thickness of the viscous layer, and the viscosity on bubble pulsation, migration and wall pressure load are investigated. The results show that the bubble migration distance, the normalised thickness of the oil layer and the wall load generally decrease with the initial bubble–wall distance or the oil-layer parameters. Quantitative analysis reveals that when the initial bubble–wall distance remains unchanged, there exists a demarcation line for the comparison of the bubble period and the reference period (the bubble period without viscous layer under the same initial bubble–wall distance), and a logarithmic relationship is observed that $\delta \propto \log_{10} \mu ^*$, where $\delta =h/R_{max}$ is the thickness of the viscous layer h normalised by the maximum bubble radius $R_{max}$, $\mu ^* = \mu /({R_{max }}\sqrt {{\rho }{{\mathop {P}\nolimits } _{{atm}}}})$ is the dynamic viscosity $\mu$ normalised by water density $ \rho $ and atmospheric pressure $P_{atm}$. The results of this paper can provide technical support for related studies of hydraulic cavitation erosion.
Conceptual innovation is highly prized in Western Anglophone philosophy. Yet it often stems from a relatively narrow tradition that takes little account of contributions from other cultures and philosophical practices. We illustrate this point using the example of work done by Dalit feminists on identifying and addressing hermeneutical injustice. Despite their relevance, Dalit feminist contributions are virtually unknown and remain unrecognized in Anglophone philosophical discussions of hermeneutical injustice. This article aims to investigate the reasons for this neglect. One potential reason is the generally low status accorded to experiential knowledge in epistemology, which is pivotal to Dalit feminist accounts. Another reason concerns systematic bias against non-Western philosophy, which may reflect prejudicial stereotypes and the privileging of existing disciplinary norms. We argue that these reasons may explain the exclusion of Dalit feminists’ scholarship. In light of this, we offer two modest suggestions. First, philosophers should cultivate greater openness to citing texts by non-philosophers where these texts are relevant to the topic at hand. Second, we argue that a more embedded and extensive practice of cross-cultural philosophy or comparative philosophy is needed. These two suggestions may reduce neglect of philosophically rich traditions such as Dalit feminism.
Recommendations for immunisation practices in children with single ventricle CHD are lacking. A survey of 53 heart centres received responses from 40 centres (33 complete and 7 partial) revealing variability in immunisation recommendations. Only 11% have a written protocol. Immunisations were delayed before cardiopulmonary bypass in 94% (32/34) and after cardiopulmonary bypass in 97% (30/31), with 34% (13/38) re-dosing some immunisations post cardiopulmonary bypass. Further research is needed to develop guidelines.
Diet quality has been linked to socioeconomic status. However, evidence within rural and regional populations is lacking. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between diet quality and socioeconomic position in adults living in rural and regional areas of Australia. The Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS; range 0-73) measured diet quality (total and subscale scores). Area-level socioeconomic position was determined by postcode-linked Socio-Economic Index for Areas (SEIFA), Index of Relative Social Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD) scores, stratified into quintiles. The mean total ARFS (34.7; SD=9.1; n=836) was classified as “getting there”. Findings showed significantly lower mean total ARFS between SEIFA quintile 1 (1= lowest; mean total ARFS = 30.4; SD=10.2; categorised as ‘needs work’) compared to all other SEIFA quintiles (F (44,831) = 8.44, p = < 0.001). Linear regression, adjusting for age, sex, income, education, employment status, and household composition demonstrated significantly lower overall diet quality for SEIFA quintile 1 compared to SEIFA quintile 3 (B=-3.9; 95%CI [-6.2, -1.5]; p<0.001), and lower subscale scores for vegetables (B=-1.6; 95%CI [-2.7, -0.6]; p=0.003), fruit (B=-0.9; 95%CI [-1.6, -0.1]; p=0.018), and grains (B=-0.6; 95%CI [-1.3, -0.0]; p=0.050). After adjusting for individual confounders of diet quality, results indicate that lower area-level socioeconomic position remained associated with poorer diet quality in this sample of rural and regional Australian adults. This suggests that broader social and environmental factors unique to these areas may impact diet quality and amplify individual barriers to achieving a healthy diet.
The resilience of international supply chains is increasingly becoming a policy objective within international trade law making. Unilaterally, States have resorted to a myriad of trade tools to achieve this objective, including subsidizing domestic industries, facilitating critical minerals, and imposing tariffs on dominant supplying States to encourage supply diversification. In this context, the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity Supply Chain Agreement is the first major international trade agreement primarily aimed at achieving regional supply chain resilience. This Research Note explores the WTO compatibility of the economic interventions that underpin the Supply Chain Agreement’s ‘managed trade’ approach to supply chain resilience. First, it outlines the firm-centred governance approach that is central to supply chain management under the Supply Chain Agreement. Second, it explores the likely challenges and justifications of the envisaged interventions under GATT 1994 and Agreement on Safeguards. Finally, it reflects on the potential role of the WTO to shape cooperative supply chain governance interventions.
Assessing dimensions of neighborhoods could aid identification of contextual features that influence psychopathology in children and contribute to uncovering mechanisms underlying these associations.
Method:
The ABCD sample included 8,339 participants aged 9–10 from 21 U.S. sites. Mixed effect and structural equation models estimated associations of self-reported neighborhood threat/safety and county-level neighborhood threat (i.e., crime) and tract-level deprivation with psychopathology symptoms and indirect effects. Hypothesized mechanisms included emotion processing (adaptation to emotional conflict, task-active ROIs for emotional n-back) and cognition (EF and task-active ROIs for the stop-signal task); exploratory analyses included neural function (of amygdala to network and within-network resting state connectivity).
Results:
Associations of neighborhood deprivation and all symptoms were mediated by EF; links with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) were mediated by retrosplenial temporal and dorsal attention within-network connectivity. In contrast, neighborhood threat was associated with attention difficulties, internalizing problems, and PLEs uniquely via default mode within-network connectivity; with attention difficulties, externalizing symptoms, and PLEs through amygdala-dorsal attention within-network connectivity, with PLEs and externalizing symptoms through visual within-network connectivity; with PLEs and attention difficulties through amygdala-sensorimotor connectivity, and with PLEs through amygdala-salience network connectivity.
Conclusion:
Neighborhood deprivation and threat predicted symptoms through distinct neural and cognitive pathways, with implications for prevention and intervention efforts at contextual levels.
Plant-soil microbial interactions play a central role in maintaining biodiversity and coexistence in terrestrial ecosystems. However, to what extent plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) operate in tropical Afromontane forests remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a PSF shade house experiment using six tree species exhibiting diverse life-history strategies and abundances in a sub-tropical montane forest in Nigeria. Seedlings were grown under controlled conditions in sterilised soil with or without soil inoculum collected under mature trees of each of the six species. We assessed whether conspecific tree seedlings’ performance was altered in comparison to heterospecific seedlings when grown in the soil of their adult trees. Seedling growth did not significantly differ between inocula from conspecific and heterospecific adults in five of the six species tested, indicating no evidence of PSFs. In Garcinia smeathmannii, we found a significant increase in seedling growth when grown in conspecific soil inocula. Given that no PSFs were observed in five out of six species, our study suggests that PSFs may play a limited role in the performance of some species in this Afromontane ecosystem. Nonetheless, the facilitative interaction noted in Garcinia smeathmannii indicates a nuanced ecological dynamic worth further exploration.
The radome of weather radars can be covered with a layer of water, degrading the quality of the radar products. Considering a simplified setup with a planar replica of the Swiss weather radars’ radome, we measure and model analytically its scattering parameters, with and without water. The measured reflectance of the dry radome replica agrees well with the one modeled according to the manufacturer specifications. Water forms droplets on the hydrophobic surface, but water films thicker than 1 mm can be created. Meteorologically more realistic thinner water films are expected on old radomes that have become hydrophilic with aging. Using hygroscopic silk and cotton tissues, we empirically imitate water films as thin as less than 0.1 mm. The measurements align with the simple analytical model of uniform plane wave incidence on the radome and water film but could be further improved by taking refraction and bending of the radome replica into account. Simulations with the General Reflector Antenna Software Package (GRASP) from TICRA complement the study for a representative setup with a spherical radome.
Maternal ability (milk and environment) in beef cattle is one of the most important traits influencing weaning weight of the calf, but amount and composition of milk produced by the dam is difficult to measure. The assessment of polymorphisms of candidate genes related to milk composition could indirectly enlighten this perspective. In the present study, the frequency of αs1-casein 1175AG and g26181A>G; κ-casein 13068 (CSN3 AB1) and 13104 (CSN3 AB2) loci, β-lactoglobulin variants 3984GA and 5263CT, Diacyl glycerol transferase K232A, and Stearoyl CoA desaturase A702G and A762G polymorphisms were estimated in Gray and Red Brahman, Nellore, Guzerat, Gir, Indubrazil, and Sardo Negro registered sires from Mexico. Most of the documented favourable alleles were found in low frequency in most of the evaluated breeds, except for β-lactoglobulin, in which the presence of favourable alleles might represent an opportunity for marker-assisted introgression. The relevance of the findings for each variation and implications from the outcomes are discussed.