Polarization has become the master concept for diagnosing contemporary democratic crises. The notion denotes three features: symmetry between parties, politics as an opinion space where positions diverge, and mutual repulsion between opposing camps. Yet none of these capture current realities. Across democracies, the central dynamic is not two poles drifting apart but the transformation of the political right into authoritarianism, norm breaking, and openness to political violence. Social democratic and center-right parties tend to respond in the opposite way from what “polarization” implies: by accommodating rightward. Attempts to salvage the polarization frame with modifiers (“asymmetric,” “affective,” “sectarian,” “pernicious”) concede these realities but risk hollowing out the concept’s definitional core. These limitations reveal a deeper misdiagnosis: when one party turns antidemocratic and illiberal, incivility and conflict are inevitable—but they are symptoms, not the root problem. Misdiagnosing them as the central issue leads to viewing civility and compromise as remedies, thereby risking the legitimation of authoritarian actors. This article proposes an alternative lens: the radicalization of the political right. Developed in the study of extremism, the radicalization framework better captures asymmetric change, identity-driven politics, and the mainstreaming of illiberalism. It foregrounds identity fusion, threat narratives, elite entrepreneurship, and escalation. Concepts are never politically innocent and persisting with “polarization” risks both misdiagnosing and normalizing authoritarian threats.

Through the example of Romania’s divergence from Soviet refugee policy in the case of the 1971 East Pakistani refugees, this article suggests that great powers face barriers to persuading even weaker states within their orbits of influence to acquiesce on issues of refugee politics. Responses to refugees touch sensitive state concerns about sovereignty. Aiding refugees can be an implicit condemnation of the state from which refugees flee. States that want to avoid the microscope of international opinion looking inside their own domestic human rights contexts will be hesitant to scrutinize another state, even in the context of a great power proxy conflict. As Romania sought to leverage favorable economic agreements, including with Pakistan and India, its position on the East Pakistani refugees reflected a hinge approach that attempted to balance political and economic relationships on both sides of the conflict. Small states use diplomatic entrepreneurship to work between larger powers as they pursue their own strategic goals. This article uses archival, diplomatic documents from Bucharest, some of which had never been accessed prior to this research. The article contributes a small state’s perspective based on diplomatic correspondence by its own officials and in its own language.

This article considers Hensley Henson’s advocacy of disestablishment following the Prayer Book defeat of 1927–8 as more than a rash reaction to events, one that he continued to work out well into the 1930s in response to domestic and international challenges to the Church, in addition to initiatives within the Church itself. Using his extensive journal and correspondence, as well as his published writings, it seeks an enhanced understanding not only of his views regarding ‘spiritual independence’ but of the wider debate in the Church – both among clergy and laity – and Free Churches, of which they were an integral part.

I consider the sense in which teleparallel gravity and symmetric teleparallel gravity may be understood as gauge theories of gravity. I first argue that both theories have surplus structure. I then consider the relationship between Yang-Mills theory and Poincaré Gauge Theory and argue that though these use similar formalisms, there are subtle disanalogies in their interpretation.

This paper offers four principles for a contemporary Anglican theology of religions that is decolonial by looking at theologians beyond the West for inspiration. At the same time, it bases its claims for its Anglican traditionalism by showing the continuity of these ideas in an older lineage of Anglican theology on religious diversity, incarnationalism and social theology. The four principles are as follows: a polydox approach to theology; a liberation-based interreligious solidarity; an openness to learning new directions in theology from Spirit-Sophia; and an incarnational emphasis on lived and embodied experiences and practices. The paper starts by looking at the history of Anglican incarnational theology, it then explores how theologies of religious diversity have developed from the nineteenth through the twentieth century, next it explicitly links incarnation, diversity and social justice, and a final section develops the four principles in a global and ecumenical conversation.

We relate the expected hyperbolic length of the perimeter of the convex hull of the trajectory of Brownian motion in the hyperbolic plane to an expectation of a certain exponential functional of a one-dimensional real-valued Brownian motion, and hence derive small- and large-time asymptotics for the expected hyperbolic perimeter. In contrast to the case of Euclidean Brownian motion with non-zero drift, the large-time asymptotics are a factor of two greater than the lower bound implied by the fact that the convex hull includes the hyperbolic line segment from the origin to the endpoint of the hyperbolic Brownian motion. We also obtain an exact expression for the expected perimeter length after an independent exponential random time.

Michael Otsuka, Alex Voorhoeve and Marc Fleurbaey have proposed competing claims egalitarianism and hybrid egalitarianism in their attempts to justify giving priority to the worse off, especially in cases involving risk. However, neither view adequately explains why it matters that some are worse off than others. And combining these accounts within a broader egalitarian theory or modular principle is problematic. I sketch an alternative version of egalitarianism and compare it with competing claims egalitarianism, hybrid egalitarianism and restricted prioritarianism.

Childhood and adolescent obesity has emerged as one of the most pressing public health challenges worldwide. The persistence of excess weight from early life into adulthood together with its associated health consequences underscores the importance of effective prevention strategies. However, obesity in early life is driven by complex interactions between biological susceptibility, lifestyle behaviours, social determinants and obesogenic environments, making prevention particularly challenging. This review synthesises current evidence on childhood obesity prevention, critically examines the effectiveness of existing interventions and discusses key challenges and opportunities for improving their impact. Evidence indicates that preventive strategies can improve dietary habits, physical activity and other lifestyle behaviours, although their effects on anthropometric outcomes are generally modest. Interventions addressing multiple determinants and involving key settings such as families, schools and communities appear more likely to achieve meaningful and sustained effects. Translating evidence from controlled studies into effective, scalable real-world strategies remains a major challenge. Contextual factors, sustainability, stakeholder engagement and policy support play a critical role in determining intervention success. In this context, systems-oriented and participatory approaches offer promising opportunities to design coordinated, multilevel strategies. Future efforts should focus on early-life prevention, equity-oriented actions and the integration of scientific evidence into public policies to achieve sustainable population-level impact.

A sparse high-gain multifaceted circularly polarized antenna array based on partially reflecting surfaces (PRSs) is designed. Circular polarization is obtained by implementing the sequential phase rotation method at the source antenna level. Beamforming is implemented using phase compensation combined with amplitude weighting proportional to the radiated intensity of the given facet in the targeted direction, following the maximum ratio transmission concept. The radiation pattern is scanned across the angular region specified by the angular gap between adjacent facets. The obtained beamformed result shows a maximum gain fluctuation smaller than 0.5 dB across the scanned sector, together with a sidelobe suppression of 10.27 dB, and the obtained embedded element pattern exhibits a flat top.

The ornamental horticulture industry is a major pathway for the introduction of invasive alien species (IAS), with online trade accelerating their spread by expanding market access. This study compiled an inventory of plant species in India’s online market, assessed native, alien and invasive plants and evaluated invasion risk using global naturalized and invasive records. Data from three leading online plant retailers revealed 1856 species spanning 1045 genera and 194 families. Alien species (1371) outnumbered native species (480), with Apocynaceae and Cactaceae being the most species-rich families. Herbs were the predominant life form, and most alien taxa originated from the Americas. Cross-referencing with global databases identified 327 invasive and 639 naturalized alien species among those traded online. Thirty-nine species that are invasive elsewhere are already naturalized in India (high risk), 239 are invasive elsewhere but not yet naturalized locally (moderate risk) and 2 are low risk. Additionally, 57 species already invasive in India are sold online. These findings indicate a substantial biological invasions risk via online ornamental plant trade in India, highlighting the need for stronger regulations, risk-assessment protocols, enhanced awareness and coordinated action among the ornamental plant industry, government agencies and conservation organizations to curb the spread of IAS.

For a subgroup A of $(\mathbb {R},+)$ and a real x, define $A+xA=\{ a + x b : a, b \in A \}$ and $X_A=\{x\in \mathbb {R}:A + x A=\mathbb {R}\}$. We show that there is an $F_\sigma $ subgroup A of $(\mathbb {R},+)$ such that $\mathrm {dim_H} (A) \le \frac {1}{2}$ and $X_A \neq \emptyset $. However, if $A \subseteq \mathbb {R}$ is a subring of $\mathbb {R}$ and $X_A \neq \emptyset $, then $A =\mathbb {R}$. Moreover, assuming the continuum hypothesis, there is a subgroup A of $(\mathbb {R},+)$ with $\mathrm {dim_H} (A) = 0$ such that $X_A =\mathbb {R}\backslash \mathbb {Q}$. The proof of this theorem combines several techniques in recursion theory and algorithmic dimension. Several other theorems on analytic subgroups and subfields of the reals are presented. We also discuss some of these results in the p-adics.