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Extant research has highlighted the impact of legal innovations on the organizational choices made by entrepreneurs and traced the diffusion of new business forms across international borders, such as the private limited liability company (PLLC). This paper uses a newly compiled database of all firms operating in Vienna between 1900 and 1936 to examine the PLLC’s impact on the Austrian business landscape following its introduction. Its findings reveal that the PLLC quickly replaced other legal forms. While suitable for a wide range of sectors, the PLLC was particularly attractive to new industries burdened by machinery investment rather than wage costs. By empirically demonstrating that the PLLC filled a critical gap in the legal framework of Austria, this study highlights the broader importance of legal forms as instruments for fostering entrepreneurial activity, shaping economic structures, and driving development.
Let $X$ be a curve of genus at least 4 that is very general or very general hyperelliptic. We classify all the ways in which a power $(JX)^k$ of the Jacobian of $X$ can be isogenous to a product of Jacobians of curves. As an application, we show that if $A$ is a very general principally polarized abelian variety of dimension at least 4 or the intermediate Jacobian of a very general cubic threefold, then no power $A^k$ is isogenous to a product of Jacobians of curves. This confirms various cases of the Coleman–Oort conjecture. We further deduce from our results some progress on the question of whether the integral Hodge conjecture fails for $A$ as above.
Due to historical under-recognition of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among girls and women, little is known about female-specific factors that may affect individuals with ADHD, including those related to changes in ovarian hormones (e.g. across the menstrual cycle).
Aims
We investigated whether females with a self-reported clinical diagnosis of ADHD are more likely to experience premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). We also examined associations between PMDD and ADHD defined by a symptom and impairment threshold.
Method
Participants were aged between 18 and 34 years, were assigned female at birth and were recruited via Prolific.com (n = 715). Participants self-reported clinician diagnosis of ADHD, depression and anxiety. ADHD symptoms were assessed via the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), to which we applied a DSM-5-based symptom and impairment cut-off (‘ASRS-based ADHD’). PMDD symptoms were assessed via the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST), which identifies provisional PMDD. Using Poisson regression models, we compared risk for provisional PMDD among females with ADHD (self-reported clinical diagnosis [n = 102] or ASRS-based [n = 229]) with a non-ADHD reference group (n = 305). We additionally compared risk for provisional PMDD among individuals with ADHD and depression/anxiety diagnoses, ADHD only and a non-ADHD reference group.
Results
The prevalence of provisional PMDD was elevated among individuals with a self-reported clinical ADHD diagnosis (31.4%), and among participants with ASRS-based ADHD (41.1%), compared with the non-ADHD reference group (9.8%). Individuals with ASRS-based ADHD and depression and/or anxiety diagnoses were at highest risk for provisional PMDD (relative risk 4.53 [3.10, 6.61]) compared with the non-ADHD reference group.
Conclusions
Clinicians should be aware that individuals with a diagnosis of ADHD, or with high ADHD symptom levels, and who have a menstrual cycle may be more likely to experience PMDD. Future research should investigate the underlying mechanisms that link ADHD and disorders associated with hormonal sensitivity, such as PMDD.
Premenstrual exacerbation of existing mental illnesses (PME) is a condition where symptoms of mental disorders worsen during the luteal phase. Unlike premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual dysphoric disorder, PME is poorly recognised, with misdiagnoses and inadequate treatment. Understanding the brain impact of gonadal hormone fluctuations in PME is crucial.
Despite the turn to the right of many national governments, including France, the 2024 theatre festival in Avignon programmed by a new director, Tiago Rodrigues, delivered feminist, internationalist, antiracist, and progressive works. The lineup showed both his courage to defend what he believes in and his support of exceptional artists who share his political passions (Caroline Guiela Nguyen, Mohamed El Khatib, Lola Arias, Marta Górnicka, Séverine Chavrier, Baro d’evel, among others).