The genus Enenterum Linton, 1910 comprises species which parasitize herbivorous kyphosid fish. In the present study, a new species is described based on fresh specimens collected from Kyphosus incisor from Rio de Janeiro. The new species is characterized by having the oral sucker infundibuliform with 10 lobes, prepharynx two times longer than pharynx, presence of oesophagus, testes slightly lobed, round ovary and rectum with muscular sphincter connected to the anus. New genetic sequences include partial 18S and 28S rDNA and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. The phylogenetic analyses place Enenterum gomesae n. sp. as sister of Enenterum aureum, corroborating the morphological analyses. Enenterum aureum (=E. pimelopteri) previously described from Kyphosus spp. from Rio de Janeiro is now considered E. gomesae n. sp. The new species represents the only South American species so far described for this genus.

We argue that libertarianism (roughly, the thesis that we have indeterministic, libertarian free will) is compatible with God’s infallible foreknowledge. We use eternalism (roughly, the thesis that reality is a 4-dimensional block and that past, present, and future objects exist) as an explanatory stepping stone between libertarianism and God’s foreknowledge: eternalism entails that (and comes close to explaining how) an omniscient God would know what we decide in the future even if we have libertarian free will. This account also explains what is wrong with standard fatalist arguments for the incompatibility of free will and God’s foreknowledge.

Dark patterns have become a pervasive issue around the world. However, Indonesia has not taken any action to deal with the situation. This article aims to analyse the issue of dark patterns in digital platforms from Indonesia’s consumer protection law perspective. It contends that Indonesia’s consumer protection law is not adequate in overcoming the issue of dark patterns in digital platforms. Several laws regulate basic principles and provisions that indirectly prohibit dark patterns, but these regulations can only be applied to certain forms of dark patterns and are difficult to implement. The article suggests that Indonesia must specifically regulate the prohibition of the practices of dark patterns in its current law. The regulations do not have to define the term “dark patterns” directly; however, they should expressly regulate prohibitions against the practice of using design interfaces in a way that subverts or impairs consumers’ autonomy and/or exploits consumers’ behavioural biases.

This study is designed to understand embarrassment in the second/foreign language (L2) context. Following a mixed-method design, in Phase 1, a sample of 141 tertiary-level Austrian English language learners were asked to write a narrative about their experiences of embarrassment in their language learning histories. Analyzing the narratives showed that L2 embarrassment is a multidimensional construct that is frequently experienced by a range of language learners. In Phase 2, we developed and validated an L2 classroom speaking embarrassment (L2CSE) scale among a sample of 402 international English language learners drawing on the literature and analysis of the narratives. Data showed that L2 embarrassment is best represented by a bifactor exploratory structural equation model, capturing both general and specific aspects of L2 embarrassment. We found that a supportive classroom environment and fostering a growth mindset can decrease the risk of L2 embarrassment. As expected, L2 embarrassment was a negative predictor of willingness to communicate and self-perceived language proficiency. These initial findings suggest that L2 embarrassment could be an important and influential emotion in the language learning classroom context which requires further research.

Model selection (MS) and model averaging (MA) are two popular approaches when many candidate models exist. Theoretically, the estimation risk of an oracle MA is not larger than that of an oracle MS because the former is more flexible, but a foundational issue is this: Does MA offer a substantial improvement over MS? Recently, seminal work by Peng and Yang (2022) has answered this question under nested models with linear orthonormal series expansion. In the current paper, we further respond to this question under linear nested regression models. A more general nested framework, heteroscedastic and autocorrelated random errors, and sparse coefficients are allowed in the current paper, giving a scenario that is more common in practice. A remarkable implication is that MS can be significantly improved by MA under certain conditions. In addition, we further compare MA techniques with different weight sets. Simulation studies illustrate the theoretical findings in a variety of settings.

The American state was a republic of patrons and clients throughout the Long Nineteenth Century. Unequal ties of hierarchy and reciprocity went far beyond the partisan administration and electioneering that we associate with the spoils system. As a form of “belated feudalism,” clientelism proved resilient because it was a familial property relation embedded within a diverse and changing society. Officeholding politics subsumed a host of racialized and gendered dependents—White men of lower status, women, children, and the enslaved—into the penumbra of the state, which itself was governed via the extended party household. What elements of patron–client relations endured or changed from the colonial inheritance until the New Deal? This article reinterprets the republic’s classical age, first, by exploring the origins of party patrimonialism, and then, by examining the dynamics of officeholding political economy and the rise of markets for patronage. Political rule before the New Deal had a different orientation. Clientelism fused older lineages of dependence with the kind of profit-seeking exchanges typical of the burgeoning capitalist economy. It was this mixed state, at once patrimonial and capitalist, that proved so difficult to reform at the turn of the twentieth century.

Azooxanthellate corals of Rhizangiidae, with their distinctive morphological and ecological features, are widely distributed across global oceans but remain under-studied due to identification challenges. Comprehensive underwater surveys across diverse marine habitats such as rocky reefs and submerged shipwrecks were undertaken, and findings highlighted the exclusive presence of Culicia stellata in natural rocks, off the coast of Kaup for the first time in Indian EEZ. The study also records the presence of Cladangia exusta, nearly six decades after the first record from off Cochin, Laccadive Sea. This research presents a detailed study of the taxonomic description, distribution, and ecological preferences of Cladangia exusta and Culicia stellata in the Laccadive Sea. This study underscores the importance of accurate species identification for effective conservation strategies and enriching biodiversity records.

Mass public opinion on globalization shows a persistent gender gap, but explanations for this gap differ. In the context of Africa, understanding this gender gap is particularly important because of women’s growing representation in legislatures and the rapid expansion of global economic flows on the continent. Why are women on average more skeptical of foreign economic actors? We consider this question across Sub-Saharan African countries, using Chinese economic engagement as a salient, visible form of economic globalization. Numerous studies have explored the impact of China’s presence on Africans’ attitudes toward China, but we know little about a documented gender gap in these attitudes. We explore the roots of this gap from an angle of economic vulnerability, positing that women at higher risk of a negative economic impact of Chinese engagement are more likely to view China negatively than their male counterparts. Using multilevel analyses of up to 84,000 respondents from up to 37 countries, we find a consistent pattern of economic vulnerability explaining the gender gap in attitudes, and factors associated with economic security mitigating it. Our findings suggest that economic vulnerability shapes attitudes differently across genders, and that increasing representation of women in African legislatures may have implications for policies toward Chinese engagement.