The crystal structure of delamanid has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and optimized using density functional theory techniques. Solution and refinement of the structure presented significant difficulties, and the result should be considered proposed or approximate. Delamanid crystallizes in the space group P212121 (#19) with a = 67.3701(18), b = 12.86400(9), c = 5.65187(12) Å, V = 4,898.19(14) Å3, and Z = 8 at 295 K. There are two independent delamanid molecules, with different conformations, which are essentially identical in energy. The crystal structure consists of layers of delamanid molecules perpendicular to the a-axis. The imidazooxazole ring systems stack along the b-axis, and the trifluoromethyl groups make up the boundaries of the corrugated layers. There are no classical hydrogen bonds in the crystal structure. Eight C–H···O and one C–H···N hydrogen bonds contribute to the lattice energy. The powder pattern has been submitted to the International Centre for Diffraction Data for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™ (PDF®).

In this article, the author examines the influence of Immanuel Kant’s philosophical ideas on Hans Kelsen’s early theory of international law. He situates Kelsen’s work within the post-World War I context, where Kant’s vision of perpetual peace significantly impacted the creation of international organizations. The article delves into Kelsen’s seminal work “Das Problem der Souveränität und die Theorie des Völkerrechts,” exploring how Kelsen’s pure theory of law parallels and diverges from Kant’s concepts. While Kelsen’s ideas were shaped by Kantian philosophy, particularly in promoting a lawful international order, Kelsen transcended Kant by developing a more rigorous, epistemologically grounded legal theory. The author argues that Kelsen’s adaptation of Kantian principles reflects both a continuation and transformation of Kant’s vision, tailored to the political and cultural challenges of early 20th-century Europe.

The driving mechanisms of glacier fast flow and the cyclical instability inherent in ice streams and surging glaciers are not fully understood. Current theories suggest fast flow is driven by glacier sliding and basal deformation facilitated by water at the ice–bed interface and/or the presence of weak till. However, the wettability of sediments and the physics driving these sediment–water interactions have yet to be fully explored. Here, we review recent work on superhydrophobicity, hydrophobic soils and lubricated surfaces, and bring together aspects of materials science, biophysics and geoscience, to propose three modes by which a subglacial environment could become super slippery. Those modes are via (i) hydrophobic chemistry, (ii) microbial biofilms or (iii) the incorporation of oil. We then hypothesise how ice flow on super slippery sediments would result in enhanced sliding and deformation by introducing or increasing a lubricated interface and/or creating zones of sediment weakness and instability. We propose that future research should further explore this potential paradigm to soft bed deformation and sliding.

The crystal structure of iprodione has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and optimized using density functional theory techniques. Iprodione crystallizes in the space group P21/c (#14) with a = 15.6469(3), b = 22.8436(3), c = 8.67226(10) Å, β = 94.1303(7)°, V = 3,091.70(9) Å3, and Z = 8 at 298 K. The crystal structure contains clusters of four iprodione molecules. The only two classical N–H···O hydrogen bonds in the structure are both intramolecular. The powder pattern has been submitted to the International Centre for Diffraction Data for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™ (PDF®).

One relatively recent pivot in the discussion concerning the possibility of interpersonal utility comparisons (IUCs) centers on evolutionary biological considerations. In particular, it has been suggested that, since all human beings are part of the same species, we should expect our utility functions to be structured similarly and thus be comparable. However, a closer look at this argument shows that it is not compelling as it stands: since cultural learning plays a crucial role in our cognitive evolution, the conclusion that we evolved to be psychologically similar to each other needs to be revised. This, though, does not mean that evolutionary theory has nothing to say about the possibility of IUCs. In fact, as this paper makes clear, by expanding the evolutionary argument with work in gene–culture–technological coevolutionary theory, it becomes possible to support the contention that IUCs may well be sometimes possible. This has important implications for the analysis and design of social institutions.

The existing literature shows that frequent elections depress electoral participation and contribute to the global decline in voter turnout. However, the causal mechanisms remain unclear. This paper investigates the sources of voter fatigue and hypothesizes that frequent elections make electoral abstention more acceptable to citizens. It tests the main hypothesis via an original pre-registered survey experiment fielded in five countries with a total sample size of 12,221 respondents. The results provide pioneering evidence on the psychological effects of election frequency. They confirm that high election frequency increases the social acceptability of electoral abstention and that this effect is proportional to the number of past elections. It can be equally observed among all major social groups, including politically engaged citizens and those who believe that voting is a civic duty. These findings hold major implications for our understanding of voter turnout and democratic institutional engineering.

In recent times, several longitudinal studies aimed at clarifying whether cannabis use during adolescence might play a causal role in the subsequent risk of developing bipolar disorder have been published. Although their methodological heterogeneity precludes any meta-analytic approaches, evidence from these studies can be systematically evaluated using the Bradford Hill criteria. A biological gradient is supported by evidence on the dose–response relationship between exposure severity and outcome. As such, the effect of cannabis use on bipolar disorder onset is likely to be strong, coherent, plausible, and based on a clear temporality. In addition, some analogies can be hypothesized between studies testing the possible causal role of cannabis in the development of bipolar disorder and those is schizophrenia. Cannabis may represent a precipitating agent inducing bipolar disorder in a multicausal model of individual vulnerability. However, this relationship seems to be only partially consistent and nonspecific, and the experimental evidence is strongly suggestive but, as yet, inconclusive. Nevertheless, in summary, it seems there is sufficient support for the hypothesis that cannabis use during adolescence may play a causal role in bipolar disorder, although further studies are needed to consolidate the evidence.

The classical credibility premium provides a simple and efficient method for predicting future damages and losses. However, when dealing with a nonhomogeneous population, this widely used technique has been challenged by the Regression Tree Credibility (RTC) model and the Logistic Regression Credibility (LRC) model. This article introduces the Mixture Credibility Formula (MCF), which represents a convex combination of the classical credibility premiums of several homogeneous subpopulations derived from the original population. We also compare the performance of the MCF method with the RTC and LRC methods. Our analysis demonstrates that the MCF method consistently outperforms these approaches in terms of the quadratic loss function, highlighting its effectiveness in refining insurance premium calculations and enhancing risk assessment strategies.

The application by states of economic principles in education has not produced good results in access to education in low-income and less-developed countries. This prompted UNESCO to designate countries with substantial problems of access to education and illiteracy as the E-9 countries, which include Nigeria. Nigeria’s status as an E-9 country indicates the existence of considerable problems in education, and where necessary, statistical evidence will be used to elucidate Nigeria’s E-9 status. This article argues that the nature of the laws and policy mechanisms that control education in Nigeria suggests that the country seems to be responding to the contemporaneous demands of global programmes of action in education that are predicated on economic principles and driven by the tides of globalization instead of to the requirements of international human rights law.

The manufacturing sector is witnessing a paradigm shift toward servitization, where companies are transitioning from selling products to offering product–service systems. This shift creates additional challenges, where the providers must ensure the expected value throughout the operational phase of the solution. Especially when dealing with a system-of-systems (SoS), evaluating performance across diverse contexts and business models while understanding the interconnectedness between systems becomes critical. To address these challenges during the design phase, this article presents a novel integrated simulation framework that supports the development team in exploring value from a SoS perspective. This framework utilizes agent-based simulation and offers three key features: multifidelity, modular and multidisciplinary. The applicability of the proposed framework is further demonstrated in a quarry industry case.

This scoping review aims to offer a panoptic overview of the research on grit and L2 grit in second and foreign language learning. To this end, a “hybrid search strategy” (Wohlin et al., 2022) was implemented. Out of 1,111 records identified across 15 databases and 78 found applying the backward/forward snowballing technique, 233 empirical studies published between 2013 and 2025 were finally included. With a focus on study and scale quality, the results present (1) a zoom-in/zoom-out description of the research landscape, considering 30 bibliometric and methodological variables, and (2) an in-depth comparative analysis of the psychometric instruments used to measure both grit and L2 grit, examining 45 variables arranged into four categories: (a) scale design and administration, (b) means and standard deviations, (c) reliability of scales and subscales, (d) content, construct, and predictive validity. The review concludes with a discussion of relevant findings and evidence-based suggestions for future and quality-enhanced research.