Radical right behavior and support for radical right parties have increased across many countries in recent decades. A growing body of research has argued that, similar to the spread of other extremist behaviors, this is due to an erosion of political norms. This suggests that re-stigmatizing radical right parties might be an effective way of countering their growth. We use a survey experiment in Spain that compares the effectiveness of three theory-driven interventions aimed at increasing political stigma against a radical right party. Contrary to expectations, we fail to validate the efficacy of vignette-based attempts at stigmatization, instead identifying some backlash effects. Methodologically, our findings underscore the importance of validating treatments, as we show that simple attempts at re-stigmatization can produce null or opposing effects to their intended purpose. Theoretically, our results support the idea that normalization is a “one-way street,” in that re-stigmatizing parties is difficult after a party has become normalized.

This reply responds to criticism of our original symposium, ‘Global IR and the Essentialism Trap.’ We respond to four particular charges and end with a call for Global IR to move beyond its current emphasis on creating a more diverse, equal, and inclusive discipline to identifying specific research programs that demonstrate the necessity of moving beyond the West. We nominate global order and disorder.

Plant-based meat and dairy analogues contain less protein than their animal-based counterparts and rely on various plant protein sources, which frequently display incomplete amino acid (AA) profiles that do not reflect dietary requirements due to low quantities of one or more essential AA (EAA). There is little insight in the AA profiles of most of these plant-based analogues. We assessed the AA composition of forty plant-based meat and dairy analogues that were commercially available in The Netherlands in March 2023 and compared their EAA profile to dietary requirements and to the EAA profile of their meat and dairy counterparts. Total protein contents were lower in most analogues when compared with their animal-based counterparts (meat analogues, n 16 (80 %); lunch meats and cheese analogues, n 10 (100 %); milk and yoghurt analogues, n 9 (90 %)) and accompanied by lower EAA contents. In reference to dietary requirements, the sum of the total EAA contents was adequate in all but one of the analogues. Nevertheless, all analogues displayed deficiencies in one or more specific EAA. Methionine contents were most frequently low (n 39; 98 %), followed by lysine contents (n 11; 28 %). Essential AA compositions varied between analogues irrespective of the protein source(s) used. In conclusion, plant-based meat and dairy analogues exhibit incomplete EAA profiles, which may compromise adequate protein nutrition in plant-centred diets.

We define the generalized equilibrium distribution, that is the equilibrium distribution of a random variable with support in $\mathbb{R}$. This concept allows us to prove a new probabilistic generalization of Taylor’s theorem. Then, the generalized equilibrium distribution of two ordered random variables is considered and a probabilistic analog of the mean value theorem is proved. Results regarding distortion-based models and mean-median-mode relations are illustrated as well. Conditions for the unimodality of such distributions are obtained. We show that various stochastic orders and aging classes are preserved through the proposed equilibrium transformations. Further applications are provided in actuarial science, aiming to employ the new unimodal equilibrium distributions for some risk measures, such as Value-at-Risk and Conditional Tail Expectation.

The Greek model of mental healthcare delivery in rural and remote low-resourced areas is based on Mobile Mental Health Units (MMHUs). MMHUs are low-cost, interdisciplinary, generic community psychiatric services that collaborate closely with the primary healthcare system and local social services. MMHUs may be effective in the treatment of patients with severe and persistent mental illness and cost-effective in the treatment of patients with common mental disorders. The Council of Europe categorised this model as an effective community-based initiative. Major challenges derive from the difficulties MMHUs run by public general hospitals face in recruiting and retaining personnel.

Seabirds play an important role as top consumers in the food web and can be used as biomonitors for exposure to pollutants. Erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities (ENAs) represent one of the most important ways to detect genomic damage associated with environmental degradation and pollution. This study investigates the number of ENAs in three populations of two species of Leucocarbo shags. Blood samples from the Antarctic shag (Leucocarbo bransfieldensis) breeding on the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands and the South Georgia shag (Leucocarbo georgianus) breeding on the South Orkney Islands were analysed. The results revealed evidence of genomic damage in all individuals, with a mean number of ENAs of 26.54 and 43.51/10 000 red blood cells for Antarctic and South Georgia shags, respectively. Thus, the shags from the Orkney Islands showed a higher number of erythrocyte abnormalities, whereas no significant differences were observed among shag populations across the Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands. These results suggest that, in the northern part of the region, shags might be more exposed to pollutants. They also provide the first reference values for cytogenetic damage in this species and establish a critical baseline for future biomonitoring efforts.

Los estudios sobre la relación entre música y fuerzas militares suelen estar mediados por enfoques tradicionales que analizan la música marcial o sus usos para los fines de la institución. Sin embargo, existe una producción musical de integrantes activos y retirados de las fuerzas militares que no es marcial, que no necesariamente está institucionalizada y que se aleja de los usos y temáticas que usualmente se asocian a la música militar. El estudio de estas producciones complejiza y enriquece los enfoques tradicionales sobre la relación entre música y fuerzas militares. Este texto presenta los hallazgos de la recopilación y análisis de 463 canciones compuestas y/o interpretadas por militares activos y retirados en Colombia entre 1989 y 2021, junto con entrevistas a algunos de estos artistas. Los hallazgos sugieren que abordar este tipo de música, que pocas veces es reconocida como ‘militar’, permite conocer la perspectiva del soldado como individuo en contextos de guerra y posconflicto; facilita la comprensión de la relación entre música institucional y no institucional y los distintos usos que se le da; y abre líneas de investigación sobre la forma en la que estas producciones entran en diálogo con géneros musicales, identidades regionales y el mercado artístico en el que participan.

If elections are fair and free, citizens should accept their results regardless of the party or candidate they voted for. The evaluation of democracy should not be tainted by ‘winning’ or ‘losing’ an election. However, research on ‘losers’ consent’ has demonstrated that winners evaluate the functioning of democracy more positively than losers. We argue that the effect of losing is even more pronounced for populist voters. For them, winning and losing is indicative of the functioning of the democratic system itself. To demonstrate this, we use cross-sectional data from the Comparative Studies of Electoral Systems as well as panel data from Germany and the Netherlands for longitudinal analysis. We show that the more populist a citizen is, the stronger the effect losing is on the level of satisfaction with democracy.

In this rejoinder, we engage with the recent International Theory symposium on Global IR, situating it within the broader literature and outlining intellectual pathways for advancing Global IR’s agenda. We explore how the main critiques identified by the symposium – namely, essentialism, geo-epistemologies, disciplinary reformism, and ahistoricism – have been and can be further addressed through recent developments in Global IR. This rejoinder is not an attempt to prioritise one version of Global IR over another; rather, it emphasises that Global IR comes in multiple versions, and these versions should continue to be a collective work in progress. Our engagement with the evolving debates in Global IR seeks to fulfil the promise of a more global and diverse discipline.

There is a clinical need to appropriately apply large language model (LLM)-based systems for use in infectious diseases. We sought to use LLM and machine learning for extracting antibiotic susceptibility from clinical microbiology free-text reports, allowing use for outbreak detection, increasing information gathering efficiency, and public health reporting.

The investigation of structural variants that may govern complex traits has significant importance. This is particularly true for the crossbred dairy cattle of Pakistan, which are deemed ideal for achieving optimal milk production and enhanced environmental adaptability in tropical conditions. This research detected and described copy number variation regions (CNVR) within the crossbred cattle genome. A GGP_HDv3_C chip containing 139,376 SNPs was utilized to genotype a cohort of 81 animals. In this study, 1055 CNVs were obtained after quality control, distributed across animals and encompassing all autosomes. From these, 268 CNVRs were detected, which covered 31.03 megabases, representing approximately 1.24% of the bovine genome. Functional analysis of these regions yielded 97 genes primarily associated with the immune and defense systems. Additionally, other observed categories encompassed production, health and reproduction. These findings enhanced the CNV map of bovines, offering the variant identification linked to traits subject to selection in both crossbred and indicine breeds of cattle.

Linear and integrable non-linear fractional evolution equations are discussed. Earlier results for the integrable fractional Korteweg–deVries (KdV) equation and the KdV hierarchy are reviewed. Using these as a guide, the fractional integrable Burgers equation and hierarchy and its solutions are analysed. Some explicit solutions are provided.