MIDAS-1D2V is a plasma simulation code for axially symmetric open traps. It solves the non-stationary kinetic equation for the ion distribution function, accounting for Coulomb collisions. This paper presents two key modifications to the model. The first modification enables the calculation of fusion reactions in the plasma, with charged reaction products treated as an additional source term in the kinetic equation. The second modification incorporates beam capture dynamics, including ionisation and charge-exchange processes. Both modifications have been implemented for hydrogen isotopes.

Schiller’s hunch was correct: spoken drama must overcome history in order to produce the effect of history (when portrayed monumentally) originally had. But the historical drama should not be antiquarian at any price; Shakespeare was correct to let his Romans appear on stage as Englishmen. […] However, one should not measure it according to the highest artistic expectations; we should make out of drama a rhetorical work of art.1

Increased interest in depth of processing (DoP) within instructed second language acquisition (ISLA) research highlights its influence on L2 learning outcomes, especially in vocabulary retention, grammatical accuracy, and overall proficiency. Despite its theoretical significance, inconsistencies in DoP’s conceptualization and operationalization have resulted in mixed findings regarding its impact on language development. This study presents a research synthesis and quantitative meta-analysis of ISLA studies on DoP, examining the operational definitions of DoP and the variations in its operationalizations across studies. The analysis examines how DoP affects L2 learning outcomes and how differences in its definition and operationalization shape these outcomes. The study also identifies key limitations in DoP research, including inconsistencies across conceptual frameworks and operationalizations, and a lack of a unified approach. Finally, it discusses the methodological and pedagogical implications of DoP and proposes future research directions to refine its operationalization and explore its sustained effects on L2 development.

Plant xylem consists of a network of interconnected vessels, through which water is transported under negative pressure. Filling of vessels with air, or embolism, disturbs this transport process and, in extreme cases, leads to tree mortality. Despite this significance, embolism propagation dynamics are still poorly understood, primarily because xylem is opaque to direct observation. Furthermore, existing models of embolism spreading build excessively on physiological and anatomical parameters, and many misrepresent the intervessel pit membrane as a 2D surface. Here, we first extend these physiological models by implementing the pit membrane as a 3D object. Then, we introduce a susceptible-infected (SI) model, a simple stochastic model for tracking spreading through a population, for embolism propagation. After correctly fitting the spreading probability, our SI model reproduces vulnerability curves produced by both the physiological model and empirical data, highlighting that the SI model can address embolism spreading dynamics in plant species, for which detailed physiological data are not available. Furthermore, relating the SI model to the physiological one allows interpreting embolism spreading as a directed percolation process. Elucidating the exact mapping between directed percolation and embolism spreading will likely yield new fundamental insights into the relationships between xylem network architecture and embolism dynamics.

Dairy farming has a strong position in Finnish food system. However, the sector phases managerial challenges due to structural change. We conducted a survey among dairy farmers resulting 135 responses, of which 25 had experience of using Lean, to explore which factors supports Lean adopting and potentially overcoming managerial challenges. Our results show that the adoption of Lean was related to farm size, growth orientation, and the need to improve labor efficiency. More support for Lean adoption is needed if Lean is seen as a potential solution to improve milk production practices, cost reduction, and continuous improvement of farm management practices.

We investigate how Mandarin-speaking children categorize novel intransitive verbs as unergative and unaccusative using distributional information in language input. Using a Word2vec model, we examined whether distributional cues in sentences influence the categorization of novel verbs. Our results indicated that the distributional representations of novel verbs in some sentence types exhibited closer similarities to real unergatives, and the others closer to real unaccusatives, showing a distinct effect of distributional cues on verb categorization. Subsequently, we examined children’s sensitivity to the distributional information in a few sentence types. The results demonstrated that distributional cues in these sentence types were useful for children to categorize novel verbs, since the categorization linked to verb meanings was reinforced by sentence types in which novel verbs occur. These findings may explain atypical behaviours of some Mandarin formal and double-syllable verbs that previous theoretical frameworks have found challenging to explain.

The Fontan circulation is defined by unique physiological constraints that limit preload, elevate systemic venous pressure, and reduce the capacity to compensate for stress or injury. Traditional paradigms for managing biventricular heart failure are often misaligned with the pathophysiology of this preload-limited, non-pulsatile system. In this editorial, we propose a conceptual reframing of medical therapy in the Fontan circulation, centred on preserving physiological reserve and long-term durability rather than reversing established failure. We introduce a serial constraints model that emphasises the interconnected roles of the pulmonary vascular bed, ventricular filling, systemic output, venous and lymphatic function, and end-organ tolerance. As limitations shift over time, therapeutic focus must also evolve from pulmonary vasodilation in early stages to addressing ventricular dysfunction, venous congestion, and fibrosis later in the trajectory. We review emerging applications of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and exercise within this framework, while cautioning against routine use of conventional renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition or beta-blockers in the absence of clear comorbid indications. Antithrombotic strategies remain important due to a persistent thrombo-inflammatory milieu. We advocate for a shift from reactive to trajectory-preserving therapy, targeting flow under stress, organ protection, and reserve conservation. This physiology-aligned, evidence-informed approach provides a rationale for earlier intervention and testable hypotheses for future Fontan-specific trials.