The present study investigates the novel occurrence of rare garnet-aluminosilicate-bearing metapelitic enclaves from the Western Lohit Plutonic Complex in the Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, Northeastern India. Textural, mineralogical, thermobarometric and phase equilibrium modelling analyses reveal a complex polymetamorphic evolution characterized by two distinct stages. The first stage corresponds to a pre-Himalayan low-pressure, high-temperature event likely linked to Cretaceous magmatism, evidenced by relict andalusite porphyroblasts. The second stage reflects Barrovian-type Himalayan metamorphism associated with India-Asia collision, marked by peak assemblages of garnet, kyanite and melt formed near the solidus. Thermobarometric studies estimate near-peak metamorphic conditions at approximately 650 ± 25 °C and 7–9 kbar. Consistently, Pressure-temperature phase equilibrium modelling indicates that garnet core compositions record an initial metamorphic event at lower pressure (∼5.5 kbar) and temperature (∼550 °C), reflecting prograde burial prior to peak conditions. Peak metamorphic conditions, constrained by pressure-temperature phase equilibrium modelling, are estimated at approximately 670 °C and 8.5 kbar. Microstructural observations indicate muscovite-dehydration melting is the primary mechanism for incipient melt generation in the studied metapelite, with the melt largely retained within the rock. Ti-in-biotite thermometry reveals cooling temperatures of 560–590 °C during final exhumation. The rocks experienced a clockwise P–T path involving prograde burial, near-isothermal decompression and retrograde cooling, consistent with thrust duplexing and exhumation along the Lohit thrust shear zone. These findings provide new constraints on the metamorphic evolution and partial melting processes during Himalayan orogenesis in the northern Indo-Burma region.

This paper offers a unified analysis of the postmodal meanings of should and would. It proposes a semantic-pragmatic account based on how these modals function in contexts that yield mirative interpretations. The analysis begins with their use in content clauses under factive predicates and then examines a parallel use in why-interrogatives. It also explains why only would can produce a mirative reading in the assertive equative construction ‘That Would Be X’. The paper argues that these mirative extensions arise from the speaker’s knowledge state and their assumptions about the addressee’s expectations. The postmodal domain is therefore shaped by pragmatic strengthening within patterns that still preserve aspects of the modals’ core semantics. The shift from modality to postmodality marks a move toward the illocutionary level. However, this domain is not uniform: postmodal meanings may represent either the endpoint of grammaticalisation or the emergence of new discourse functions through constructionalisation, as in the TWBX construction.

This article examines how institutional governance mechanisms shape administrative policy design in risk-oriented, hierarchical public organizations, drawing on two cases from the Danish Armed Forces. The analysis shows how leader-centric governance, role segmentation, and compliance-oriented routines constrain collaborative process demands. These mechanisms restrict dialogue, limit upward communication and reflection, and reinforce established routines while resisting adaptation. Although such structures support operational clarity, they reduce responsiveness when extended into administrative policymaking. The study demonstrates how embedded governance logics and institutional routines condition the feasibility of collaborative policy design, even amid reform ambitions. It contributes to public administration and policy design scholarship by highlighting how hierarchical institutions govern internal policymaking and how institutionalized governance logics constrain adaptation, inclusion, and learning capacity.

The concept of mercy is often proposed as an antidote to the punitive excesses of our current criminal justice system. But this concept is typically presented in generalized, abstract terms that seem unworkable as a pragmatic decision strategy. Its religious origins and associations only add to this impression. In fact, however, if the biblical accounts of mercy are interpreted using the narrative strategy that is featured in current scholarship, an eminently practical decision protocol emerges from these accounts. This protocol diverges from the common or popular view of mercy. It omits the demand for contrition or gratitude on the part of the wrongdoer, viewing this as an effort to exercise domination rather than extending mercy, and minimizes compassion on the part of the decision maker due to its tendency to merge into favoritism. Instead, the protocol recommends that the decision maker deal with the wrongdoer on a direct personal level, suppress any emotional responses such as anger or indignation, and consider the collateral consequences of the proposed punishment. The author describes the way the protocol can be derived from leading biblical narratives about mercy, including the expulsion from the garden, the mark of Cain, Christ and the adulteress, and the prodigal son. He expands on this derivation by analyzing the book of Jonah, rejecting the common view that this work is a satire and treating it instead as a profound inquiry into the nature of mercy. He concludes by applying the protocol he has derived to policy level decisions in the criminal justice system, specifically judicial sentencing, administrative parole and the use of restorative justice.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains an important public-health problem, and the COVID-19 pandemic and non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) may have altered its burden. This study aimed to provide updated CAP burden among adults in Shanghai from 2016–2023.We analysed 61,230 participants aged 20–74 years from the Shanghai Suburban Adult Cohort and Biobank. CAP episodes were ascertained via ICD codes and clinical diagnoses. We calculated incidence rates before, during, and after NPIs, conducted subgroup analyses by age, sex, comorbidity and lifestyle. We used Poisson regression to compare stages, and Cox models to identify risk factors. The Overall CAP incidence was 42.1 per 1,000 person–years (95% CI 41.3–42.8). Incidence declined during NPIs (24.2/1,000 py) and rose after NPIs (95.9/1,000 py). The inpatient-to-outpatient ratio increased to 10.1% during NPIs and fell to 5.7% post–NPI. Among those without underlying conditions, rates were 40.1, 20.1 and 73.6/1,000 py before, during and after NPIs. Incidence was higher in participants ≥60 years and in those with multiple comorbidities, especially respiratory diseases. CAP burden temporarily fell during NPIs but resurged post–NPI, notably among high–risk groups. These findings highlight the need for targeted preventive strategies and continued CAP surveillance in the post-pandemic era.

Food texture influences eating rate (ER), and slower ERs are associated with reduced energy intake within a meal. However, it remains unclear whether this acute effect of ER on intake is sustained over time. We investigated whether texture-based differences in meal ER can have a sustained effect on food and energy intake across 11 consecutive days. In a randomised cross-over feeding trial, Dutch adults (n 20) were randomised to an 11-d ‘fast’ and an 11-d ‘slow’ ER diet, followed by a 17-d washout period before completing the alternate diet-arm. Participants consumed ad libitum breakfast and dinners of which ER was manipulated using food texture and received the same lunch meals on both diets served in regular-sized fixed portions. Diets were matched for served total weight (gram), energy (kcal) and energy density (kcal/gram) and were equivalent for visual volume, meal liking and meal variety. Meal ER on the ‘slow diet’ was on average 32 % slower compared with the ‘fast diet’ (P < 0·01). On days when texture led to significant differences in ER, food intake was reduced by 121 (se 24) g/d (P < 0·001), and this effect did not attenuate over time (P = 0·25). Cumulative food intake was 6 % lower for the slow compared with the fast diet (P < 0·001) with no significant difference in energy intake. On 8 of the 11 test days, meal texture reduced ER and supported a consistent reduction in food intake. Further research should test whether a whole diet approach to lowering ER by modifying meal textures could help to moderate food and energy intakes.

I offer a novel dispositional reply to Derk Pereboom’s four-case manipulation argument. Drawing on recent work in the metaphysics of dispositions, I argue that manipulated agents’ rational abilities are masked—prevented from manifesting as they otherwise would—by neuroscientists’ manipulation. I argue that masking better explains why manipulated agents are not responsible for their actions than causal determinism does, as we ordinarily take masks to explain why agents are not morally responsible for their actions or inaction. Because causal determinism is not a mask, there is a relevant difference between manipulation and causal determinism, and the four-case argument fails.

This work establishes a new identifiability theory for a cornerstone of various cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs) popular in psychometrics: the Q-matrix. The key idea is a novel tensor-unfolding proof strategy. Representing the joint distribution of J categorical responses as a J-way tensor, we strategically unfold the tensor into matrices in multiple ways and use their rank properties to identify the unknown Q-matrix. This approach departs fundamentally from all prior identifiability analyses in CDMs. Our proof is constructive, elucidating a population-level procedure to exactly recover the Q-matrix within a parameter space where each latent attribute is measured by at least two “pure” items that solely measure this attribute. The theory has several desirable features: it can constructively identify both the Q-matrix and the number of latent attributes; it applies to broad classes of linear and nonlinear CDMs with main or all saturated effects of attributes; and it accommodates polytomous responses, extending beyond classical binary response settings. The new identifiability result unifies and strengthens identifiability guarantees across diverse CDMs. It provides rigorous theoretical foundations and indicates a future pathway toward using tensor unfolding for practical Q-matrix estimation.

Despite the recent advances in its diagnosis (heralded by the revisions in ICD-11 and DSM-5) and the introduction of new approaches to treatment, managing personality disorder remains challenging to the psychiatric practitioner. I believe that one of the main reasons for this is that the condition lacks an overall theory that might guide practitioners in their assessment of it and what they might do to intervene. In this article, I suggest that interpersonal theory might be such a candidate, enabling practitioners to manage this condition more effectively. My aim is to provide a brief introduction to this theory in the hope that practitioners might be encouraged to explore its implications more fully.

This paper describes a single case study of a female asylum seeker presenting at a specialist clinic for women with female genital mutilation (FGM). The patient presented with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to multiple events due to her 45-year history of sexual and physical abuse. She also had intense feelings of being contaminated due to the sexual abuse. Within the cognitive model, a cognitive restructuring and imagery modification protocol was used to treat the patient’s feelings of being contaminated. After that, imagery rescripting was used to address the patient’s many PTSD re-experiencing symptoms. Clinicians can often feel overwhelmed when working with patients who present with multiple, traumatic events spanning many years; it is hoped that this case study helps clinicians to feel more confident about working with this client group and with women with FGM.

Key learning aims

1. (1) To be able to assess and treat survivors of multiple sexual assaults over many years using imagery rescripting.

2. (2) To learn how to use cognitive restructuring and imagery modification to treat feelings of being contaminated.

3. (3) For therapists to gain confidence with working with women who have experienced female genital mutilation.

Maya quarries were sites of resource extraction. We cannot forget that they were also sites of labor, collaboration, and personal relationships. In this paper, we explore two case studies: quarrying and transporting limestone at Early Classic Naachtun of Petén, Guatemala, and extracting sascab (powdered limestone) at Late Classic Xunantunich, Belize. We offer quantitative analyses of these tasks using the methodology known as architectural energetics, a methodology designed to investigate ancient building through evidence of its various output activities. But we go farther than abstract calculations to offer relatable and relevant public outcomes through storytelling, highlighting the human-centered aspects of quarrying and construction. Following important precedents, this study offers two examples of how quantitative methodologies can intersect with archaeological storytelling, specifically analyzing how architectural energetic studies can inform narratives intended for public audiences.