Cet article propose une analyse des emplois des verbes modaux devoir et pouvoir en français moderne et en français médiéval. L’examen des emplois attestés à ces deux époques différentes permet de valider pour le français certaines hypothèses émises dans le cadre de la théorie de la grammaticalisation concernant l'évolution sémantique des modaux. Nous attirons néanmoins l’attention sur le fait que pouvoir, même en français moderne, n’a peut-être pas développé l’emploi épistémique subjectif qu’on lui prête. De plus, l’emploi aléthique (ou logique) des modaux, souvent ignoré dans la théorie de la grammaticalisation ou la littérature linguistique en générale, a certainement un rôle à jouer dans le développement du sens épistémique.

In the present article, our purpose is to characterize each of the periphrases expressing progressivity Pierre est / va / s’en va / vient / s’en vient chantant, Pierre est à / après chanter, Pierre est en train de chanter as members of a progressive paradigm, and to provide arguments in favour of including the so-called deictic relative construction (Je vois) Pierre qui chante in this paradigm. Our arguments comprise diachronic, diastratic, Francophone, and Creole evidence. In Kragh and Schøsler (2014), we have examined in detail this construction, focusing on the grammaticalization process and, in particular, on the reanalysis and actualization process. We here propose an analysis of the deictic relative as yet another way of expressing progressivity. If our analysis is correct, the deictic relative should be considered as a member of the French tense, aspect, and mode (TAM) paradigm.

Alors qu'il existe une littérature très vaste sur les emplois et valeurs des marqueurs verbaux de temps, aspect et mode (désormais TAM) en synchronie du français, moins de travaux ont été consacrés à l'évolution de ces marqueurs d'un point de vue syntaxique, sémantique ou pragmatique. La plupart des grammaires historiques donnent avant tout des informations sur leur phonologie et morphologie, même si l'on trouve évidemment aussi des informations plus ou moins développées sur leur syntaxe et sémantique dans des ouvrages généraux sur l'histoire de la langue française (comme Brunot, 1904–1913), quelques grammaires de l'ancien français (comme par exemple Foulet, 1919; Moignet, 1973 ou Buridant, 2000), du moyen français (Martin et Wilmet, 1980) ou du français classique (Fournier, 1998) et des aperçus historiques dans des grammaires du français contemporain (comme par exemple Wilmet, 2007). Quant aux études linguistiques proprement dites, les ouvrages et travaux de Martin, Wilmet, Schøsler, Soutet ou Barral mentionnés dans la bibliographie (qui ne prétend pas être exhaustive) témoignent de l'intérêt constant des linguistes pour le développement des marqueurs de TAM.

This article addresses knowledge management in governing vulnerable polar areas and tourism. Since the 1870s, Svalbard has been a cruise tourism destination. Due to less ice during the summer period, the number of tourists visiting the remote northeast corner of the archipelago has increased significantly, and the potential negative impact on this vulnerable natural environment has become an issue. The standard modes of managing these areas have either been to apply the precautionary principle or measures based on scientific evidence. As management models, however, both principles are contested for a number of reasons. This paper argues for a third model that is partly based on a form of monitoring knowledge that has circulated in ‘communities of practice’ and that has been developed over time. This form of knowledge constitutes viable expertise for the governing and management of the environment-tourism nexus in the area, but it needs to be acknowledged as a complementary management platform. This article demonstrates how such monitoring can be done, and it suggests some principles for the development of monitoring knowledge for administrative and management purposes.

On 26 August 2014 as part of the SCAR open science conference held in New Zealand, a panel session and discussion forum was conducted for humanities researchers, science communicators, social scientists, archivists, curators and artists with interests in interdisciplinary research. Most of the 30 attendees were members of the SCAR history expert group and the SCAR social sciences action group.

Releases of diesel fuel in the Arctic tundra are a common occurrence. Response to such releases in this region typically involves excavating the contaminated soil and backfilling the excavation with clean material. Owing to the lack of clean stockpiled native soils, coarse-grained soil (aggregate) used for the construction of roads and foundation pads may be the only backfill material available. Backfilling the excavated zone with soil that has different characteristics than the surrounding native soil, combined with the removal of natural vegetation, may drastically change the maximum thaw depth reached during the thawing season, altering the underlying permafrost condition. At the extreme, such measures in areas of ground ice can result in the creation of thermokarsting. We measured maximum thaw depths in aggregate backfill at a diesel spill site located in northwestern Alaska. Using an analytic solution, we investigated the reduction in maximum thaw depth by placing a relatively thin layer (0.5 m) of fine-grained native soil over the aggregate backfill. Such a practice reduces the maximum thaw depth by as much as 1.4 m over backfilling with aggregate only.

This article presents some trends in the urban history of contemporary Spain. We analyse the forging of land, housing and urban planning policies set in the broader context of economic and welfare policy, and political development. We place an emphasis on endogenous causes, especially those associated with Franco's dictatorship and the transition towards democracy. However, we also evaluate the influence of exogenous factors, such as those implying the end of the Bretton Woods system and the reorientation towards neoliberalism. This should finally provide us with a deeper understanding of the historical roots underlying the recent real estate bubble.

Case ellipsis for subjects and objects in Korean exhibits several clear asymmetries that have not received a unified explanation. This paper provides a new, probability-based analysis of variable case marking that can account for three types of subject–object asymmetries noted in the literature in terms of asymmetries in the usage probability of the properties of argument NPs in their syntactic or discourse context. This account captures the key generalizations underlying the asymmetries that case ellipsis for wh-word subjects, subjects in OSV sentences and non-specific subjects is unacceptable, whereas case ellipsis for objects with similar properties is acceptable; it also explains why sentences with a subject NP not marked for case that have been predicted to be syntactically ill-formed by previous syntactic accounts are judged acceptable when the subject represents expected, predictable information in context. These results provide strong support for the view that native speakers’ knowledge of grammar includes not only some degree of knowledge of probabilistic information but also access to fine-grained predictability and probabilities.

What is the value of a life? How should we regard death? This paper uses the methods of economics to defend some of the views of Epicurus against the utilitarian approach that welfare economics takes for granted.

The celebrated meeting between Captain Bellingshausen of the Imperial Russian Navy and the American sealing skipper Nathaniel Brown Palmer, off the South Shetland Islands in February 1821, has often been described by following just one or other of the two men's divergent and in some respects irreconcilable accounts. The most contentious issue is whether or not Palmer told Bellingshausen about the existence of a body of land to the south of the South Shetlands, known today as the Antarctic Peninsula. This note attempts to reach a balanced assessment of the matter by examining evidence from both sides, including several previously unconsidered items. It concludes that, although the truth will never be known with absolute certainty, the basic American account is more plausible, by the narrowest of narrow margins, than the Russian.

The city of Milan during the second half of the nineteenth century is the field of observation for this study, which focuses on urban policing and social control in a situation that ultimately caused problems for the whole country. The case of Milan, which has not received enough attention in this regard, is particularly interesting, given its status as the northern metropolis. It was the second largest population centre in Italy and the most important economic one, a leader in the late struggle for political independence and an opponent at that time of the centralizing policies of the nation-state.1

The articles gathered here aim at outlining a complex view of the relationship between cities in a state of ‘crisis’ and changes to policing systems, in a period marked by rapid urbanization and industrialization. They explore the connections between the rhythms of urban change and the changes in the institutions responsible for policing the city. This introduction defines ‘urban crisis’ as a brief paroxysm and a way of describing rapid urban change that is considered problematic especially in terms of social control. It examines three sets of issues to highlight the relationships between policing powers and urban dynamics: first, how the police managed to handle unforeseen, traumatic events in emergency situations; second, how the police forces tried to legitimize their status through their understanding and control of urban dynamics; and third, how the police used the discourse of urban crisis they helped to produce, as a tool for their own ends.

This article develops an analysis of a verbless predicative structure attested throughout Romance: in this type of reduced clause the predicate linearly precedes the subject and is separated from it by a clear intonational break, while the missing verb is interpreted as a silent copula. I argue that this structure should be viewed as the result of three movement steps: the first step is to be identified with predicate inversion, that is, extraction of the predicate from the complement position of the predicative small clause to a higher specifier position thanks to phase extension, followed by raising of the predicate to the specifier of SubjP to check the EPP feature, and finally to the specifier of the left-peripheral projection FocusP in order to check a focus feature. The present analysis is based on the crucial, and independently motivated assumption, that the process of phase extension, produced by raising of the small clause internal relator R° to a higher functional head F°, is limited to small clauses associated with individual-level predicates. The verbless predicative structure is then compared to an analogous construction in which the preposed predicate is preceded by a wh-item, arguing that, despite their apparent similarity, the two structures should be clearly distinguished.

This paper develops a Multidimensional Decision Theory and argues that it better captures ordinary intuitions about fair distribution of chances than classical decision theory. The theory is an extension of Richard Jeffrey’s decision theory to counterfactual prospect and is a form of Modal Consequentialism, according to which the value of actual outcomes often depends on what could have been. Unlike existing versions of modal consequentialism, the multidimensional decision theory allows us to explicitly model the desirabilistic dependencies between actual and counterfactual outcomes that, I contend, are at the heart of common intuitions about fair distribution of chances.

I present an analysis of feasibility that generalizes the economic concept of a production possibility frontier and develop a model of the feasibility frontier using the familiar possible worlds technology. I then use the model to show that we cannot reasonably expect that adopting political ideals as long-term reform objectives will guide us toward the realization of morally optimal feasible states of affairs. I conclude by proposing that political philosophers turn their attention to the analysis of actual social failures rather than political ideals.

In 2013, partial skeletal remains from three members of the 1845 John Franklin expedition were recovered from an archaeological site at Erebus Bay, King William Island, Nunavut. The remains included three crania, two of which were sufficiently intact to allow craniofacial reconstructions. Identifications are not proposed for either reconstruction; however, tentative identifications are being explored through DNA analyses currently underway that include samples obtained from both crania.