This study aimed to assess the impact of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy on infant neurodevelopment by comparing 6-month and 2-year psychomotor development outcomes of infants exposed to gestational hypertension (GH) or preeclampsia (PE) versus normotensive pregnancy (NTP). Participating infants were children of women enrolled in the Postpartum Physiology, Psychology and Paediatric (P4) cohort study who had NTPs, GH or PE. 6-month and 2-year Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ-3) scores were categorised as passes or fails according to domain-specific values. For the 2-year Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III) assessment, scores > 2 standard deviations below the mean in a domain were defined as developmental delay. Infants (n = 369, male = 190) exposed to PE (n = 75) versus GH (n = 20) and NTP (n = 274) were more likely to be born small for gestational age and premature. After adjustment, at 2 years, prematurity status was significantly associated with failing any domain of the ASQ-3 (p = 0.015), and maternal tertiary education with increased cognitive scores on the BSID-III (p = 0.013). However, PE and GH exposure were not associated with clinically significant risks of delayed infant neurodevelopment in this study. Larger, multicentre studies are required to further clarify early childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes following hypertensive pregnancies.

In 2022, uptake of all seven Core Elements of Antibiotic Stewardship were reported by 83% of US long-term care facilities. Though 98% of facilities reported access to an electronic health record, less than one-third utilized it for tracking antibiotic use, suggesting opportunities to leverage electronic data for automated reporting.

This study is the first to attempt to isolate a relationship between cognitive activity and equilibration to a Nash Equilibrium. Subjects, while undergoing fMRI scans of brain activity, participated in second price auctions against a single competitor following predetermined strategy that was unknown to the subject. For this auction there is a unique strategy that will maximize the subjects’ earnings, which is also a Nash equilibrium of the associated game theoretic model of the auction. As is the case with all games, the bidding strategies of subjects participating in second price auctions most often do not reflect the equilibrium bidding strategy at first but with experience, typically exhibit a process of equilibration, or convergence toward the equilibrium. This research is focused on the process of convergence.

In the data reported here subjects participated in sixteen auctions, after which all subjects were told the strategy that will maximize their revenues, the theoretical equilibrium. Following that announcement, sixteen more auctions were performed. The question posed by the research concerns the mental activity that might accompany equilibration as it is observed in the bidding behavior. Does brain activation differ between being equilibrated and non-equilibrated in the sense of a bidding strategy? If so, are their differences in the location of activation during and after equilibration? We found significant activation in the frontal pole especially in Brodmann's area 10, the anterior cingulate cortex, the amygdala and the basal forebrain. There was significantly more activation in the basal forebrain and the anterior cingulate cortex during the first sixteen auctions than in the second sixteen. The activity in the amygdala shifted from the right side to the left after the solution was given.

Generative AI tools, such as ChatGPT, have demonstrated impressive capabilities in summarisation and content generation. However, they are infamously prone to hallucination, fabricating plausible information and presenting it as fact. In the context of legal research, this poses significant risk. This paper, written by Sally McLaren and Lily Rowe, examines how widely available AI applications respond to fabricated case citations and assesses their ability to identify false cases, the nature of their summaries, and any commonalities in their outputs. Using a non-existent citation, we analysed responses from multiple AI models, evaluating accuracy, detail, structure and the inclusion of references. Results revealed that while some models flagged our case as fictitious, others generated convincing but erroneous legal content, occasionally citing real cases or legislation. The experiment underscores concern about AI’s credibility in legal research and highlights the role of legal information professionals in mitigating risks through user education and AI literacy training. Practical engagement with these tools is crucial to understanding the user experience. Our findings serve as a foundation for improving AI literacy in legal research.

This article reassesses the contribution of the late Renaissance scholar and teacher Petrus Victorius (Pier Vettori) to the reconstruction of the text of Aristotle's Eudemian Ethics, which has come down to us in what is often a highly corrupt form. It proposes an interpretation of certain abbreviations in the marginalia in one of Victorius's copies of the Aldine Eudemian Ethics which reveals them as recommending readings rather than recording them; it proposes that many more of those readings constitute his own conjectures than previously thought. The article goes on to suggest why Victorius never produced an edition of the Eudemian Ethics as he did of other Aristotelian works, despite returning repeatedly, over much of his life, to the task of improving this particular text. Victorius is revealed nonetheless as a highly creative—but also highly disciplined—textual critic, at least the equal of his nineteenth- and twentieth-century successors.

One hundred percent pasture-fed beef production has been suggested as a promising approach for sustainable ruminant farming, due to the potential benefits that can accrue across a range of sustainability domains. This study aimed to investigate the impacts across the four domains of sustainability of a wholesale switch from conventional to 100% pasture-fed beef production in the UK. We used fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) as a method for extracting knowledge from multiple stakeholders to create representative systems models of both conventional and pasture-based beef production systems. We then conducted a scenario analysis to assess how a switch to a pasture-fed system could affect components of sustainability in the UK beef sector. The FCMs indicated that vegetation quality, grass use efficiency, and soil health were central components of the pasture-fed approach, while economic and regulatory aspects, and climate change targets were more central to mainstream production approaches. The most marked changes under the 100% conversion scenario were an increase in income from subsidies (27.3%) in line with ‘public money for public goods’, a decrease in ability to export beef (unless advice to reduce consumption of animal protein is followed) (23.5%), a decrease in land used for farming vs other uses (e.g., natural capital) (11.23%), and a decrease in the use of feed from agricultural co/byproducts (7.5%), freeing up these feed sources for more sustainable monogastric production. Therefore, the mapping and scenario analysis suggests that while upscaling the pasture-fed approach may reduce productivity, it would likely increase public goods provision and reduce feed–food competition in the UK.

Burial 10 is a unique Manteño (AD 650–1532) burial from Buen Suceso, Ecuador, dating between AD 771 and 953. This burial included the remains of a young female, pregnant at the time of death and buried with an elaborate array of goods, including anachronistic spondylus ornaments, green stones, and shell eye coverings. Perimortem trauma, including a cranial fracture and cutmarks on hand bones, perimortem removal of the hands and left leg, and other body manipulation suggest she was sacrificed, a rare event for coastal Ecuadorian peoples.

While the number of international students attending UK universities has been increasing in recent years, the 2021/22 and 2022/23 academic years saw a decline in applications from EU-domiciled students. However, the extent and varying impact of this decline remain to be estimated and disentangled from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using difference-in-differences (DID) in a hierarchical regression framework and Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) data, we aim to quantify the decline in the number of student applications post-Brexit. We find evidence of an overall decline of 65% in the 2021 academic year in successful applications from EU students as a result of Brexit. This decline is more pronounced for non-Russell Group institutions, as well as for Health and Life Sciences and Arts and Languages. Furthermore, we explore the spatial heterogeneity of the impact of Brexit across EU countries of origin, observing the greatest effects for Poland and Germany, though this varies depending on institution type and subject. We also show that higher rates of COVID-19 stringency in the country of origin led to greater applications for UK higher education institutions. Our results are important for government and institutional policymakers seeking to understand where losses occur and how international students respond to external shocks and policy changes. Our study quantifies the distinct impacts of Brexit and COVID-19 and offers valuable insights to guide strategic interventions to sustain the UK’s attractiveness as a destination for international students.

Manufacturing of mycelium-based composites is an emerging biorefinery technology toward the development of environmentally positive materials within the circular economy: it benefits from waste and industrial by-products upcycling while excelling in biodegradability. This study investigates the compressive behavior of materials repurposed from local agricultural wastes (tree nuts and crop wastes in California’s Central Valley), using the fungal mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma lucidum, well-known edible and medicinal species. We also explore the hybridization of these mycelium-based composites with local textile waste fibers as reinforcements. Following guidelines from several ASTM standards, the compressive behavior of these composites is analyzed to determine the impact of biomass processing, composition, fungal species used, and post-processing strategy. We propose a post-processing strategy based on a short exposure to sodium chloride solutions in ambient conditions, to de-activate mycelium and prevent its fruiting, replacing the established energy-intensive heat-based post-processing. This work aims at contributing to the decarbonization of the built environment and the construction industry in particular, through materials designed with upcycled waste (agricultural and textile), fungal mycelium and low-carbon footprint processes.

Childhood adversities have been linked to psychosocial outcomes, but it remains uncertain whether subtypes of adversity exert different effects on outcomes. Research is also needed to explore the dynamic interplay between adversity and psychosocial outcomes from childhood to mid-adolescence. This study aimed to investigate these relationships and their role in shaping adolescent wellbeing. Data were extracted from three timepoints of the UK Household Longitudinal Survey when participants (n = 646) were aged 10–15. Cross-lagged panel models were used to explore the relationship between cumulative adversities, and separately non-household (i.e., bullying victimization and adverse neighborhood) and household (i.e., sibling victimization, quarrelsome relationship with parents, financial struggles, and maternal psychological distress) adversities, and psychosocial outcomes (i.e., internalizing and externalizing problems, delinquency, and life satisfaction). Our results revealed that heightened cumulative adversity predicted psychosocial outcomes from childhood to mid-adolescence. Increased levels of household adversity predicted psychosocial outcomes throughout early to mid-adolescence, while non-household adversity only predicted psychosocial outcomes in early adolescence. Furthermore, worse psychosocial outcomes predicted higher levels of adversities during adolescence, highlighting bidirectionality between adversity and psychosocial outcomes. These findings underscore the varying impacts of adversity subtypes and the mutually reinforcing effects of adversities and psychosocial functioning from childhood to mid-adolescence.

Natromelansonite, Na3Zr[Si7AlO19]⋅4–5H2O, was found at the Poudrette (Demix) quarry, Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada in a highly altered pegmatite together with a clay mineral, steacyite, polylithionite and rhodochrosite. It occurs as an outer zone of tabular crystals to 0.1 × 0.3 × 1 mm in size flattened on (001). The inner zone is made of melansonite. The mineral is grey with white powder colour and vitreous lustre. The cleavage is parallel to {010}, perfect. The Mohs hardness is 3.5. The mineral has green fluorescence under short-wave ultraviolet light. The Dcalc is 2.31 g/cm3. The infrared spectrum is reported. The composition (wt.%, average of 8 analyses) is Na2O 10.08, K2O 1.72, CaO 0.24, BaO 0.32, MnO 0.10, Al2O3 6.86, Y2O3 0.35, Yb2O3 0.55, SiO2 56.23, ZrO2 14.78, H2O 9.52, total 100.75. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of O = 23 apfu and H = 8 apfu is Na(□Na0.38Ca0.02Mn0.01)2(Na0.70K0.28Ba0.02)Σ1.00(Zr0.91Y0.02Yb0.02)Σ0.95(Si7.08Al1.02)Σ8.10O19⋅4H2O. The mineral is monoclinic, P21/m, a = 6.5156(3) Å, b = 24.061(1) Å, c = 6.9759(6) Å, β = 90.453(5)° and V = 1093.61(9) Å3 and Z = 2. The strongest reflections of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [d,Å(I)(hkl)] are: 12.02(100)(020), 6.97(89)(001), 6.51(39)(100), 3.416(37)(160), 3.062(42)($\bar{1}$61, 102, 161 and $\bar{1}$12), 3.018(38)(230 and 042), 2.864(40)(240 and 132). The crystal structure, solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (R1 = 0.042), is based on a double sheet of tetrahedra (T) and a sheet of octahedra (O) that alternate along the [010] direction forming a TOT structure typical for members of the rhodesite mero-plesiotype series.