While adapting to future sea-level rise (SLR) and its hazards and impacts is a multidisciplinary challenge, the interaction of scientists across different research fields, and with practitioners, is limited. To stimulate collaboration and develop a common research agenda, a workshop held in June 2024 gathered 22 scientists and policymakers working in the Netherlands. Participants discussed the interacting uncertainties across three different research fields: sea-level projections, hazards and impacts, and adaptation. Here, we present our view on the most important uncertainties within each field and the feasibility of managing and reducing those uncertainties. We find that enhanced collaboration is urgently needed to prioritize uncertainty reductions, manage expectations and increase the relevance of science to adaptation planning. Furthermore, we argue that in the coming decades, significant uncertainties will remain or newly arise in each research field and that rapidly accelerating SLR will remain a possibility. Therefore, we recommend investigating the extent to which early warning systems can help policymakers as a tool to make timely decisions under remaining uncertainties, in both the Netherlands and other coastal areas. Crucially, this will require viewing SLR, its hazards and impacts, and adaptation as a whole.

Management of mental health disorders often include nutritional therapy, and guidelines for monitoring require pathology tests. This includes but not limited to individuals with alcohol and other drugs (AOD) and weight-control issues in cases of metabolic syndrome (obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and diabetes), which involves cardiology or cardiovascular medicine management. The extent of compliance to evidence-based practice including laboratory tests(1), such as routine full blood count(2), as well as electrolytes and liver function tests are considerations in evaluation of nutritional management and monitoring. The primary objective of this review is to determine compliance to guidelines in case studies involving nutritional management. The secondary objective is evaluation of the pathology results in cases of cardiovascular disease management guidelines. This was a systematic literature review and meta-analysis, which were adopted in identifying and selecting the articles appraised. Search was unlimited in years of publication. Initial search engine was PubMed, for brevity. Appraisal tool was a simple objective questionnaire based on evidence-base practice in nutritional perspective of AOD management using a reference template. Additional grey literature search was done to provide nuance to the systematic review. Compliance to evidence-based practice was quantified by calculating the percentage of expected ‘yes’ responses. On pathology tests, the focus was predominantly on coagulation profile, haematology, lipid profile and liver function tests. Among the > 548,000 titles initially identified, only three were selected for the critical appraisal and three additional documents were selected from the grey literature search. All six articles appraised, showed 98% compliance to pathology guidelines. The laboratory evidence-based monitoring was implied in five, of which four were related to cardiology and four reports indicated or inferred laboratory monitoring of dyslipidaemia, only. None of the articles mentioned coagulation profile, haematology or liver function tests. This discourse advances that for almost 30-years, there has been knowledge of a strong link between nutritional management and cardiovascular disease management including in mental healthcare, which can be assessed with eWBV from pathology(3). There is excellent compliance to evidence-based practice in research reports involving nutritional management in mental health cases. However, laboratory evidence-based monitoring for cardiovascular medicine seems incomplete. In cognizance of cardiovascular disease management guidelines, this incompleteness may be a matter of discretion.

Steady, helical perturbations known as ‘density snakes’ with poloidal and toroidal mode numbers $m=1$, $n=1$ have been studied in several tokamak experiments. These three-dimensional, helical states are interesting due to their stability and persistence, including their coexistence with the sawtooth cycle. Presented here are studies of density snakes in tokamak plasmas in the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) device. They are diagnosed using an 11-chord interferometer, internal and edge magnetic coils and impurity ion spectroscopy. Compared with observations in other tokamak plasmas, snakes in MST form with relatively high resistivity and low edge safety factor, $ q(a) \geqslant 2.2$, which moves the $q=1$ resonant surface outward in radius and probably forms a large magnetic island. As a result, the density perturbation associated with the snake is larger, the structure occupies a broader span of minor radius and the snakes are somewhat less stable. The helical structure and distribution of snake events are characterized, including whether they are best described as ideal or resistive kink modes. Finally, an analysis of their perturbation or destruction during sawtooth crashes is given.

Laminar–turbulent transition on the suction surface of the LM45.3p blade ($20\,\%$ thickness) was investigated using wall-resolved large eddy simulation (LES) at a chord Reynolds number of $Re_c=10^6$ and angle of attack $4.6^\circ$. The effects of anisotropic free stream turbulence (FST) with intensities $TI=0\,\%$–$7\,\%$ were examined, with integral length scales scaled down from atmospheric measurements. At $TI=0\,\%$, a laminar separation bubble (LSB) forms and transition is initiated by Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices. At low FST levels ($0\,\%\lt TI \leqslant 2.4\,\%$), robust streak growth via the lift-up mechanism suppresses the LSB, while transition dynamics shifts from two-dimensional Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves ($TI=0.6\,\%$) to predominantly varicose inner and outer instabilities ($TI=1.2\,\%$ and $2.4\,\%$) induced by the wall-normal shear and inflectional velocity profiles. The critical disturbance kinetic energy scales with $TI^{-1.80\pm 0.11}$, compared with $TI^{-2.40}$ from Mack’s correlation. For $TI\geqslant 4.5\,\%$, bypass transition dominates, driven by high-frequency boundary layer perturbations and streak breakdown via outer sinuous modes induced by the spanwise shear and inflectional velocity profiles. The scaling of streak amplitudes with $TI$ becomes sub-linear and spanwise non-uniformity characterises the turbulent breakdown. The critical disturbance kinetic energy reduces to $TI^{-0.90\pm 0.16}$, marking a transition regime distinct from modal mechanisms. The onset of bypass transition ($TI\approx 2.4\,\%{-}4.5\,\%$) aligns with prior studies of separated and flat-plate flows. A proposed turbulence spectrum cutoff links atmospheric measurements to wind tunnel data and Mack’s correlation, offering a framework for effective $TI$ estimation in practical environments.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This pilot study investigated psilocybin-induced changes in neural reactivity to alcohol and emotional cues in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Participants were recruited from a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial investigating psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) for the treatment of AUD (NCT02061293). Eleven adult patients completed task-based blood oxygen dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approximately 3 days before and 2 days after receiving 25 mg of psilocybin (n = 5) or 50 mg of diphenhydramine (n = 6). Visual alcohol and emotionally valanced (positive, negative, or neutral) stimuli were presented in block design. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Across both alcohol and emotional cues, psilocybin increased activity in the medial and lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and left caudate, and decreased activity in the insular, motor, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices, and cerebellum. Unique to negative cues, psilocybin increased supramarginal gyrus activity; unique to positive cues, psilocybin increased right hippocampus activity and decreased left hippocampus activity. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Greater PFC and caudate engagement and concomitant insula, motor, and cerebellar disengagement suggests enhanced goal-directed action, improved emotional regulation, and diminished craving. The robust changes in brain activity observed in this pilot study warrant larger neuroimaging studies to elucidate neural mechanisms of PAT.

In this study a representative sandwich panel is investigated statically in two different configurations under similar bending loads. In one configuration serrations are introduced in the honeycomb core while the other one has un-modified core. Three-point bend test (TPBT) has been performed on both configurations through Finite Element Analysis (FEA) technique using ANSYS Workbench considering American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. In both configurations the same aluminium honeycomb core is modelled having an adhesive layer in between adjacent foils to simulate actual scenario instead of relying on the block properties. Honeycomb core offers highest strength in its thickness (T) direction or the z-direction by virtue of its shape. Any distortion in the shape of the honeycomb adversely affects its strength. During bending the honeycomb core witnesses multidirectional forces consequently leading to distortion or crumpling. The serrations in the structure allow bending of the honeycomb core with minimal loss of strength by limiting the deformation to a specific region consequently preserving the shape as well as the strength of the honeycomb core. The results of both samples are compared with respect to deflection, strain and reaction force. It proves that serrated core is more favourable to be used in bent or curved sandwich panels.

The OMFIT STEP (Meneghini et al., Nucl. Fusion, vol. 10, 2020, p. 1088) workflow has been used to develop inductive and steady-state H-mode core plasma scenario use cases for a $B_0 = 8 \, {\rm T}$, $R_0 = 4 \, {\rm m}$ machine to help guide and inform future higher-fidelity studies of core transport and confinement in compact tokamak reactors. Both use cases are designed to produce 200 MW or more of net electric power in an up-down symmetric plasma with minor radius $a = 1.4 \, {\rm m}$, elongation $\kappa = 2.0$, triangularity $\delta = 0.5$ and effective charge $Z_{{\rm eff}} \simeq 2$. Additional considerations based on the need for compatibility of the core with reactor-relevant power exhaust solutions and external actuators were used to guide and constrain the use case development. An extensive characterization of core transport in both scenarios is presented, the most important feature of which is the extreme sensitivity of the results to the quantitative stiffness level of the transport model used as well as the predicted critical gradients. This sensitivity is shown to arise from different levels of transport stiffness exhibited by the models, combined with the gyroBohm-normalized fluxes of the predictions being an order of magnitude larger than other H-mode plasmas. Additionally, it is shown that although heating in both plasmas is predominantly to the electrons and collisionality is low, the plasmas remain sufficiently well coupled for the ions to carry a significant fraction of the thermal transport. As neoclassical transport is negligible in these conditions, this situation inherently requires long-wavelength ion gyroradius-scale turbulence to be the dominant transport mechanism in both plasmas. These results are combined with other basic considerations to propose a simple heuristic model of transport in reactor-relevant plasmas, along with simple metrics to quantify coupling and core transport properties across burning and non-burning plasmas.

In the present world a significant threat to human health is posed by zoonotic diseases. Helminth parasites of ruminants are one of the most common zoonotic organisms on the planet. Among them, trichostrongylid nematodes of ruminants, found worldwide, parasitize humans in different parts of the world with varying rates of incidence, particularly among rural and tribal communities with poor hygiene, pastoral livelihood and poor access to health services. In the Trichostrongyloidea superfamily, Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Marshallagia marshalli, Nematodirus abnormalis and Trichostrongylus spp. are zoonotic in nature. Species of the genus Trichostrongylus are the most prevalent gastrointestinal nematode parasites of ruminants that transmit to humans. This parasite is prevalent in pastoral communities around the world and causes gastrointestinal complications with hypereosinophilia which is typically treated with anthelmintic therapy. The scientific literature from 1938 to 2022 revealed the occasional incidence of trichostrongylosis throughout the world with abdominal complications and hypereosinophilia as the predominant manifestation in humans. The primary means of transmission of Trichostrongylus to humans was found to be close contact with small ruminants and food contaminated by their faeces. Studies revealed that conventional stool examination methods such as formalin-ethyl acetate concentration or Willi's technique combined with polymerase chain reaction-based approaches are important for the accurate diagnosis of human trichostrongylosis. This review further found that interleukin 33, immunoglobulin E, immunoglobulin G1, immunoglobulin G2, immunoglobulin M, histamine, leukotriene C4, 6-keto prostaglandin F1α, and thromboxane B2 are vital in the fight against Trichostrongylus infection with mast cells playing a key role. This review focuses on the prevalence, pathogenicity and immunological aspects of Trichostrongylus spp. in humans.

Sea-level science has seen many recent developments in observations and modelling of the different contributions and the total mean sea-level change. In this overview, we discuss (1) the evolution of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projections, (2) how the projections compare to observations and (3) the outlook for further improving projections. We start by discussing how the model projections of 21st century sea-level change have changed from the IPCC AR5 report (2013) to SROCC (2019) and AR6 (2021), highlighting similarities and differences in the methodologies and comparing the global mean and regional projections. This shows that there is good agreement in the median values, but also highlights some differences. In addition, we discuss how the different reports included high-end projections. We then show how the AR5 projections (from 2007 onwards) compare against the observations and find that they are highly consistent with each other. Finally, we discuss how to further improve sea-level projections using high-resolution ocean modelling and recent vertical land motion estimates.