Research on stress damage induced by weaning and its underlying mechanisms in squabs is notably scarce. The study was designed to uncover the potential mechanisms behind the intestinal epithelial barrier impairment due to early weaning (EW) in squabs by evaluating the function of intestinal epithelial barrier, the balance of T helper cell (Th) subsets, and the link between them. A total of 160 hatched squabs were randomly assigned to two groups: one received artificial pigeon milk starting from day 7 post-hatching, while the other group continued to be nourished by their parent pigeons. Ileal tissue and serum samples from eight replicates were gathered for analyses at intervals of 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days after weaning. Results showed that body weight of squabs in the EW group decreased significantly from 1 day after weaning and continued throughout the experiment period. The serum endotoxin, diamine oxidase of weaned squabs increased significantly. The mRNA expression of ileal tight junction proteins of weaned squabs was significantly downregulated at multiple time points from 1 to 21 days after weaning. Compared to squabs in the control group, the weaned squabs exhibited immune imbalances of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg in ileum, characterized by abnormal expression of specific transcription factors of Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg, as well as abnormal concentrations of differentiation-inducing cytokines and effector cytokines. Mantel tests showed that the changes of factors related to the differentiation of Th17/Treg cell subsets were significantly correlated with the diamine oxidase, endotoxin level, and the CDLN1 mRNA expression. Summarily, EW could lead to impaired growth, compromised intestinal epithelial barrier function and an imbalance in the differentiation of Th cell subsets in squabs, among which the dysbalance between Th17 and Treg cells appeared to be more closely associated with the damage of the intestinal epithelial barrier function in early weaned squabs.

Noise source identification has been a long-standing challenge for decades. Although it is known that sound sources are closely related to flow structures, the underlying physical mechanisms remain controversial. This study develops a sound source identification method based on longitudinal and transverse process decomposition (LTD). Large-eddy simulations were performed on the flow around a cylinder at a Reynolds number of 3900. Using the new LTD method, sound sources in the cylinder flow were identified, and the mechanisms linking flow structures with noise generation were discussed in detail. Identifying the physical sound sources from two levels, low-order theory and high-order theory, the physical mechanism of wall sound sources was also analysed. Results indicate that the sound sources in the flow field mainly come from the leading edge, shear layer and wake region of the cylinder. The high-order theory reveals that sound sources are correlated with the spatio-temporal evolution of enstrophy, vortex stretching and surface deformation processes, this reflecting the coupling between transversal and longitudinal flow fields. The boundary thermodynamic flux and boundary dilatation flux distribution of the cylinder were analysed. Results indicate that the wall sound sources mainly come from the separation point and have a disorderly distribution on the leeward side of the cylinder, which is the main region where longitudinal variables enter the fluid from the wall surface, and the wall sound source is related to the boundary enstrophy flux.

Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a destructive monophagous pest of mulberry, Morus Linnaeus (Moraceae), trees. In order to identify mulberry cultivars resistant to G. pyloalis, 12 cultivars were examined using field and in vitro testing. Field observations indicated that cultivars AlbapC, BombyL, LaeviT, and CathaB had less than 10.0% damage, with no observed damage on the CathaB cultivar. The life table parameters showed that CathaB cultivar had the longest larval and pupal duration (23.2 days in total), the shortest adult period (5.3 days), the lowest rates of both pupation (55.0%) and adult emergence (69.7%), the highest adult mortality (61.7%), the lowest average weight of pupae (30.4 mg), and the lowest daily oviposition (5.0 eggs/female/day). The larval performance of G. pyloalis in the field revealed that CathaB had the lowest larval density. Correlation analyses confirmed that significant correlations exist between all the performance parameters of G. pyloalis for both the observed damage and larval performance. Leaf characterisation of selected cultivars indicated CathaB had significantly higher values of leaf wax, trichome density, soluble glucose, and protein contents compared to MultiQ. This study would be a valuable reference for evaluating pest-resistant cultivars and establishing a theoretical foundation for managing G. pyloalis.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum folate levels and the risk of psoriasis by integrating observational study with Mendelian Randomisation (MR) analysis. We firstly conducted an observational study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Subsequently, genetic instruments were selected for two-sample MR analyses to investigate the causal relationship between serum folate levels and the risk of psoriasis. The observational study showed no significant association between serum folate levels and psoriasis. In the fully adjusted model, neither serum folate level as a continuous variable (OR = 0·99, 95 % CI: 0·98, 1·00, P = 0·071) nor serum folate quartiles Q4 compared to Q1 (OR = 0·83, 95 % CI: 0·58, 1·19, P = 0·309) showed statistical significance. The MR analysis revealed that higher genetically predicted serum folate levels from Icelandic and Danish populations were significantly associated with a reduced risk of psoriasis (OR = 0·63, 95 % CI: 0·45, 0·88, P = 0·005). Similarly, higher genetically predicted serum folate levels from South Asian populations were significantly associated with a lower risk of psoriasis (OR = 0·84, 95 % CI: 0·72, 0·98, P = 0·025). Integrating observational study with MR analysis suggests that serum folate levels are protective factors against psoriasis, indicating that higher serum folate levels may help prevent the onset of the disease.

We report the first measurement of turbulent mixing developing from the convergent Richtmyer–Meshkov (RM) instability using time-resolved planar laser-induced fluorescence in a semi-annular convergent shock tube. A membraneless yet sharp interface with random short-wavelength perturbations, but controllable long-wavelength perturbations, is created by an automatically retractable plate, enhancing the reproducibility and reliability of RM turbulence experiments. The cylindrical air/SF$_6$ interface formed is first subjected to a convergent shock, then to its reflected shock and subsequently transits to turbulent mixing. It is found that the mixing width after reshock has a linear growth rate more than twice the rate in planar geometry. Also, the mixing width does not present power-law growth at late stages as in a planar geometry. However, the scalar spectrum and transition criterion obtained are similar to their planar counterparts. These findings indicate that the geometric constraint greatly affects the large scales of the flow, while having a weaker effect on the small scales. It is also found that the reflected shock significantly increases both scale separation and Reynolds number, explaining the rapid transition to turbulence following reshock.

Broadband frequency-tripling pulses with high energy are attractive for scientific research, such as inertial confinement fusion, but are difficult to scale up. Third-harmonic generation via nonlinear frequency conversion, however, remains a trade-off between bandwidth and conversion efficiency. Based on gradient deuterium deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDxH2-xPO4, DKDP) crystal, here we report the generation of frequency-tripling pulses by rapid adiabatic passage with a low-coherence laser driver facility. The efficiency dependence on the phase-matching angle in a Type-II configuration is studied. We attained an output at 352 nm with a bandwidth of 4.4 THz and an efficiency of 36%. These results, to the best of our knowledge, represent the first experimental demonstration of gradient deuterium DKDP crystal in obtaining frequency-tripling pulses. Our research paves a new way for developing high-efficiency, large-bandwidth frequency-tripling technology.

Zircon U-Pb geochronology, geochemistry and Hf isotope analysis of supracrustal rocks in the Anshan-Benxi area in the northeastern part of the North China Craton can help constrain their petrogenesis and tectonic background, providing evidence for a further investigation of the late Neoarchaean tectonic environment in the Anshan-Benxi area. The primary rock types observed among the supracrustal rocks in the Anshan-Benxi area comprise amphibolite, metamorphic rhyolite, metamorphic sandstone, chlorite schist, actinolite schist, among others. SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating indicates that magmatic zircons from the amphibolite (GCN-1) formed at 2553 ± 18Ma. Similarly, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating reveals that magmatic zircons from the metamorphic rhyolite (G2304-1) were formed at 2457 ± 35Ma. The peak age of the metamorphic sandstone is determined to be approximately 2500Ma, suggesting that the supracrustal rocks in the Anshan-Benxi area originated in the late Neoarchaean. The protoliths of sericite quartz schist and metamorphic rhyolite are identified as rhyolitic volcanic rocks, displaying a right-leaning distribution pattern of rare earth elements (REEs). On the other hand, actinolite schist, chlorite schist and amphibolite are classified as basaltic volcanic rocks, exhibiting a flat REE pattern with a weak negative Eu anomaly. The εHf(t) value of metamorphic rhyolite ranges between -1.19 and -1.47, with a two- stage depleted mantle model age of tDM2(Ma) = 2922–3132 Ma. The protolith magma of sericite quartz schist and metamorphic rhyolite originates from partial melting of 3.0Ga basaltic crust, while the source of actinolite schist, chlorite schist and amphibolite are mainly derived from the mantle. In summary, the findings suggest that plate already existed in the late Neoarchaean or earlier, with magmatism in the Anshan-Benxi area likely occurring within an arc tectonic environment linked to plate subduction.

An optical spectrometer system based on 60 channels of fibers has been designed and employed to diagnose light emissions from laser–plasma interactions. The 60 fiber collectors cover an integrated solid angle of $\pi$, enabling the measurement of global energy losses in a symmetrical configuration. A detecting spectral range from ultraviolet to near-infrared, with angular distribution, allows for the understanding of the physical mechanisms involving various plasma modes. Experimental measurements of scattered lights from a conical implosion driven by high-energy nanosecond laser beams at the Shenguang-II Upgrade facility have been demonstrated, serving as reliable diagnostics to characterize laser absorption and energy losses from laser–plasma instabilities. This compact diagnostic system can provide comprehensive insights into laser energy coupling in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion research, which are essential for studying the driving asymmetry and improving the implosion efficiencies.

With the over-use of tetracycline (TC) and its ultimate accumulation in aquatic systems, the demand for TC removal from contaminated water is increasing due to its severe threat to public health. Clay minerals have attracted great attention as low-cost adsorbents for controlling water pollution. The objective of the present study was to measure the adsorption behavior and mechanisms of TC on allophane, a nanosized clay mineral with a hollow spherical structure; to highlight the advantage of the allophane nanostructure, a further objective was to compare allophane with halloysite and montmorillonite, which have nanostructures that differ from allophane. Structural features and surface physicochemical properties were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential, N2-physisorption, and acid–base titration. The adsorption data showed that TC adsorption followed the pseudo-second order and Langmuir models. The adsorption was pH dependent, as all three clay minerals performed better under neutral to weakly alkaline conditions and maintained high adsorption performance in the presence of co-existing Na+/K+/Ca2+/Mg2+ cations. Regeneration of the adsorbent was excellent, with efficiencies exceeding 75% after five recycles. By comparison, allophane always exhibited the greatest adsorption capacity, up to 796 mg g–1 at ~pH 9. The TC adsorption on allophane and halloysite was dominated by inner-sphere complexation, together with a small amount of electrostatic adsorption, while that on montmorillonite involved mainly interlayer cation exchange. The findings provide insights into the effects of nanostructures of clay minerals on their TC adsorption performance and highlight the huge potential of allophane as an efficient and inexpensive adsorbent for TC removal.

In this paper, we study the effect of lateral wall vibrations on the excitation and evolution of non-modal perturbations in hypersonic boundary layers subject to low-frequency freestream vortical disturbances (FSVDs). A novel, high-efficiency numerical approach, combining the harmonic weakly nonlinear Navier–Stokes and nonlinear parabolised stability equation approaches, is developed, which is sufficient to accommodate both the rapid distortion of the perturbation in the leading-edge vicinity and the nonlinear development of finite-amplitude high-order harmonics in the downstream region. The boundary-layer response to low-frequency FSVDs shows a longitudinal streaky structure, for which the temperature perturbation shows much greater magnitude than the streamwise velocity perturbation. The lateral vibration induces a Stokes layer solution for the spanwise velocity perturbation, which interacts with the FSVD-induced perturbations and leads to a suppression of the non-modal perturbation and an enhancement of the downstream modal perturbation. The new perturbations excited by the FSVD–vibration interaction strengthen as the vibration intensifies, and they could become comparable with the FSVD-induced perturbations in downstream locations at a high vibration intensity, indicating a remarkable modification of the streaky structure and its instability property. Secondary instability (SI) analyses based on the streaky base flow indicate that the vibration could enhance or suppress the SI modes, depending on their initial phases over the vibration period. Overall, the average effect is that the low-frequency and high-frequency SI modes are stabilised and destabilised by the vibration, respectively. Since the high-frequency SI modes undergo higher amplifications, the subsequent bypass transition is likely to be promoted by relatively strong vibrations.

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by Eimeria spp., and the emergence of drug resistance has seriously affected the control of the disease. Using RNA-seq, we previously found that phosphoglycerate kinase of Eimeria tenella (EtPGK) was differentially downregulated in diclazuril-resistant (DZR) and maduramicin-resistant (MRR) strains compared with drug-sensitive (DS) strain. In this study, we further analysed the characteristics and functions of EtPGK to find the possible mechanism of drug resistance of E. tenella. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot found that EtPGK was highly expressed in sporulated oocysts, followed by sporozoites and second-generation merozoites of E. tenella. Indirect immunofluorescence localization showed that EtPGK was located mainly in the cytoplasm and on the surface of the parasites. Invasion inhibition assays showed that anti-rEtPGK antibody significantly inhibited the invasion of parasites. Further studies using qRT-PCR and western blot found that the transcription and translation levels of EtPGK were downregulated in both resistant (DZR and MRR) strains compared with the DS strain, and the transcription level correlated negatively with the drug concentration. The enzyme activity assay revealed that EtPGK enzyme activity was decreased in the DZR strain compared with the DS strain. qRT-PCR revealed that the mRNA transcription level of EtPGK was significantly downregulated in the field DZR strain and salinomycin-resistant strain compared with the DS strain. These results suggested that EtPGK has other important roles that are separate and distinct from its function in glycolysis, and it might be involved in the development of drug resistance of E. tenella.

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the contribution of epiphytic microbiota on alfalfa (AL), oat (OT), and red clover (RC) to ensiling characteristics and bacterial community diversity of oat. With the irradiation of γ-ray, sterile OT (~233 g/kg dry matter (DM)) was inoculated by sterile water (STOT), epiphytic microbiota from OT (OTOT), AL (OTAL) and RC (OTRC), respectively. Triplicate silage-bags for each treatment were sampled after different days (1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60) of fermentation, respectively. Similar chemical compositions were found between fresh oat and STOT. Lower (P < 0.05) contents of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and higher (P < 0.05) accumulation of lactic acid were found in OTAL compared with OTRC and OTOT on day 3. The greatest (P < 0.05) NH3-N, acetic acid concentrations and pH and the lowest (P < 0.05) concentration of lactic acid were found in OTRC on day 60. After 3 days of ensiling, Lactobacillus accounted for a big proportion in OTAL and OTOT, and Hafnia-Obesumbacterium was predominant in OTRC. The bacterial communities in OTAL and OTOT had lower (P < 0.05) abundances of ‘Genetic Information Processing’ than OTRC after 3 days. Overall, the composition, diversity, and activity of epiphytic microbiota can notably influence the ensiling characteristics of forage oat. The lactic acid bacteria (hetero-fermentative type) and Enterobacteriaceae species played an important role in producing ethanol contents during the ensiling of forage oat.

Visual simultaneous localisation and mapping (vSLAM) has shown considerable promise in positioning and navigating across a variety of indoor and outdoor settings, significantly enhancing the mobility of robots employed in industrial and everyday services. Nonetheless, the prevalent reliance of vSLAM technology on the assumption of static environments has led to suboptimal performance in practical implementations, particularly in unstructured and dynamically noisy environments such as substations. Despite advancements in mitigating the influence of dynamic objects through the integration of geometric and semantic information, existing approaches have struggled to strike an equilibrium between performance and real-time responsiveness. This study introduces a lightweight, multi-modal semantic framework predicated on vSLAM, designed to enable intelligent robots to adeptly navigate the dynamic environments characteristic of substations. The framework notably enhances vSLAM performance by mitigating the impact of dynamic objects through a synergistic combination of object detection and instance segmentation techniques. Initially, an enhanced lightweight instance segmentation network is deployed to ensure both the real-time responsiveness and accuracy of the algorithm. Subsequently, the algorithm’s performance is further refined by amalgamating the outcomes of detection and segmentation processes. With a commitment to maximising performance, the framework also ensures the algorithm’s real-time capability. Assessments conducted on public datasets and through empirical experiments have demonstrated that the proposed method markedly improves both the accuracy and real-time performance of vSLAM in dynamic environments.

This paper retrospectively analysed the prevalence of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MRMP) in some parts of China. Between January 2013 and December 2019, we collected 4,145 respiratory samples, including pharyngeal swabs and alveolar lavage fluid. The highest PCR-positive rate of M. pneumoniae was 74.5% in Beijing, the highest resistance rate was 100% in Shanghai, and Gansu was the lowest with 20%. The highest PCR-positive rate of M. pneumoniae was 74.5% in 2013, and the highest MRMP was 97.4% in 2019; the PCR-positive rate of M. pneumoniae for adults in Beijing was 17.9% and the MRMP was 10.48%. Among the children diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), the PCR-positive and macrolide-resistant rates of M. pneumoniae were both higher in the severe ones. A2063G in domain V of 23S rRNA was the major macrolide-resistant mutation, accounting for more than 90%. The MIC values of all MRMP to erythromycin and azithromycin were ≥ 64 μg/ml, and the MICs of tetracycline and levofloxacin were ≤ 0.5 μg/ml and ≤ 1 μg/ml, respectively. The macrolide resistance varied in different regions and years. Among inpatients, the macrolide-resistant rate was higher in severe pneumonia. A2063G was the common mutation, and we found no resistance to tetracycline and levofloxacin.

Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an omnivorous pest that poses a great threat to food security. Insect antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small peptides that are important effector molecules of innate immunity. Here, we investigated the role of the AMP cecropin B in the growth, development, and immunity of M. separata. The gene encoding M. separata cecropin B (MscecropinB) was cloned. The expression of MscecropinB was determined in different developmental stages and tissues of M. separata. It was highest in the prepupal stage, followed by the pupal stage. Among larval stages, the highest expression was observed in the fourth instar. Tissue expression analysis of fourth instar larvae showed that MscecropinB was highly expressed in the fat body and haemolymph. An increase in population density led to upregulation of MscecropinB expression. MscecropinB expression was also upregulated by the infection of third and fourth instar M. separata with Beauveria bassiana or Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). RNA interference (RNAi) targeting MscecropinB inhibited the emergence rate and fecundity of M. separata, and resulted in an increased sensitivity to B. bassiana and Bt. The mortality of M. separata larvae was significantly higher in pathogen plus RNAi-treated M. separata than in controls treated with pathogens only. Our findings indicate that MscecropinB functions in the eclosion and fecundity of M. separata and plays an important role in resistance to infection by B. bassiana and Bt.

The fundamental resonance (FR) in the nonlinear phase of the boundary-layer transition to turbulence appears when a dominant planar instability mode reaches a finite amplitude and the low-amplitude oblique travelling modes with the same frequency as the dominant mode, together with the stationary streak modes, undergo the strongest amplification among all the Fourier components. This regime may be the most efficient means to trigger the natural transition in hypersonic boundary layers. In this paper, we aim to reveal the intrinsic mechanism of the FR in the weakly nonlinear framework based on the large-Reynolds-number asymptotic technique. It is found that the FR is, in principle, a triad resonance among a dominant planar fundamental mode, a streak mode and an oblique mode. In the major part of the boundary layer, the nonlinear interaction of the fundamental mode and the streak mode seeds the growth of the oblique mode, whereas the interaction of the oblique mode and the fundamental mode drives the roll components (transverse and lateral velocity) of the streak mode, which leads to a stronger amplification of the streamwise component of the streak mode due to the lift-up mechanism. This asymptotic analysis clearly shows that the dimensionless growth rates of the streak and oblique modes are the same order of magnitude as the dimensionless amplitude of the fundamental mode $(\bar {\epsilon }_{10})$, and the amplitude of the streak mode is $O(\bar {\epsilon }_{10}^{-1})$ greater than that of the oblique mode. The main-layer solution of the streamwise velocity, spanwise velocity and temperature of both the streak and the oblique modes become singular as the wall is approached, and so a viscous wall layer appears underneath. The wall layer produces an outflux velocity to the main-layer solution, inclusion of which leads to an improved asymptotic theory whose accuracy is confirmed by comparing with the calculations of the nonlinear parabolised stability equations (NPSEs) at moderate Reynolds numbers and the secondary instability analysis (SIA) at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers.

Childhood maltreatment is an established risk factor for psychopathology. However, it remains unclear how childhood traumatic events relate to mental health problems and how the brain is involved. This study examined the serial mediation effect of brain morphological alterations and emotion-/reward-related functions on linking the relationship from maltreatment to depression. We recruited 156 healthy adolescents and young adults and an additional sample of 31 adolescents with major depressive disorder for assessment of childhood maltreatment, depressive symptoms, cognitive reappraisal and anticipatory/consummatory pleasure. Structural MRI data were acquired to identify maltreatment-related cortical and subcortical morphological differences. The mediation models suggested that emotional maltreatment of abuse and neglect, was respectively associated with increased gray matter volume in the ventral striatum and greater thickness in the middle cingulate cortex. These structural alterations were further related to reduced anticipatory pleasure and disrupted cognitive reappraisal, which contributed to more severe depressive symptoms among healthy individuals. The above mediating effects were not replicated in our clinical group partly due to the small sample size. Preventative interventions can target emotional and reward systems to foster resilience and reduce the likelihood of future psychiatric disorders among individuals with a history of maltreatment.

Differences in the properties of clay minerals cause formation damage under the condition of thermal production in heavy-oil reservoirs; asphaltenes adsorbed on clay minerals exacerbate the formation damage. The purpose of the present study was to reveal the variation in clay minerals and the adsorption behavior of asphaltenes on clay mineral surfaces under thermal recovery conditions. Volume changes and transformations of typical clay minerals were studied under various conditions (80 and 180°C, pH 9 and 11, aqueous and oven-dry conditions). On this basis, the adsorption behavior and mechanism of asphaltenes on the surfaces of clay minerals in various simulated conditions were investigated. The adsorption mechanism was revealed using kinetics and isothermal adsorption models. The results showed that the volume of montmorillonite expanded by up to 159.13% after water–rock interaction at 180°C with pH 11; meanwhile, the conversion rates of kaolinite and illite to montmorillonite were 6.6 and 7.8%, respectively. The water–rock interaction intensified the volume changes and transformations of clay minerals under thermal conditions. The amounts of asphaltene adsorbed on clay minerals at 180°C were greater than those at 80°C. The adsorption process of asphaltenes was inhibited under aqueous conditions. The abilities of the constituent minerals to bind asphaltenes was in order: montmorillonite > chlorite > kaolinite > illite > quartz sand. The adsorption process of asphaltenes yielded high coefficients of regression with both the Freundlich and Langmuir models under oven-dry (>0.99) and aqueous (>0.98) conditions. At 180°C under aqueous conditions, the water film significantly inhibited the adsorption of asphaltene on the clay minerals. The adsorption process of asphaltenes, therefore, could be regarded as the adsorption occurring at lower concentrations under oven-dry conditions.

The proton-boron (p 11 B) reaction is regarded as the holy grail of advanced fusion fuels, where the primary reaction produces 3 energetic α particles. However, due to the high nuclear bounding energy and bremsstrahlung energy losses, energy gain from the p 11 B fusion is hard to achieve in thermal fusion conditions. Owing to advances in intense laser technology, the p11 B fusion has drawn renewed attention by using an intense laser-accelerated proton beam to impact a boron-11 target. As one of the most influential works in this field, Labaune et al. first experimentally found that states of boron (solid or plasma) play an important role in the yield of α particles. This exciting experimental finding rouses an attempt to measure the nuclear fusion cross section in a plasma environment. However, up to now, there is still no quantitative explanation. Based on large-scale, fully kinetic computer simulations, the inner physical mechanism of yield increment is uncovered, and a quantitative explanation is given. Our results indicate the yield increment is attributed to the reduced energy loss of the protons under the synergetic influences of degeneracy effects and collective electromagnetic effects. Our work may serve as a reference for not only analyzing or improving further experiments of the p 11 B fusion but also investigating other beam-plasma systems, such as ion-driven inertial confinement fusions.

In order to establish a compact all-optical Thomson scattering source, experimental studies were conducted on the 45 TW Ti: sapphire laser facility. By including a steel wafer, mixed gas, and plasma mirror into a double-exit jet, several mechanisms, such as shock-assisted ionization injection, ionization injection, and driving laser reflection, were integrated into one source. So, the source of complexity was remarkably reduced. Electron bunches with central energy fluctuating from 90 to 160 MeV can be produced. Plasma mirrors were used to reflect the driving laser. The scattering of the reflected laser on the electron bunches led to the generation of X-ray photons. Through comparing the X-ray spots under different experimental conditions, it is confirmed that the X-ray photons are generated by Thomson scattering. For further application, the energy spectra and source size of the Thomson scattering source were measured. The unfolded spectrum contains a large amount of low-energy photons besides a peak near 67 keV. Through importing the electron energy spectrum into the Monte Carlo simulation code, the different contributions of the photons with small and large emitting angles can be used to explain the origin of the unfolded spectrum. The maximum photon energy extended to about 500 keV. The total photon production was 107/pulse. The FWHM source size was about 12 μm.