Sustainable development is a key concept in international politics that in a remarkably short period of time has also become firmly established in international law. Various multilateral conferences have been instrumental in this process – most notably, the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment and the 1992 Rio Conference on Environment and Development. While the 1972 Stockholm Declaration did not yet employ the very term of sustainable development, the idea of balancing environmental conservation and human development served no doubt as a central theme at the conference and in its outcome documents. In 1987, the Brundtland Commission introduced sustainable development as the key concept for this balancing act into world politics. Subsequently, sustainable development became anchored in various sources of international law, particularly normative UN resolutions, treaties, and judicial decisions, even to such an extent that the contours of an overarching international sustainable development law can be identified. However, its cradle remains in Stockholm in 1972.

The book is motivated by the question of analysing how Rwanda’s development trajectory can contribute to our understanding of why structural transformation remains so elusive. This chapter introduces the central contributions of the book. First, the book employs structuralist political settlements analysis to highlight how contemporary late development is contested transnationally, prompting the need for analysis across different scales. Second, the book describes how African growth has been largely driven by the services sector and Rwanda is emblematic of contemporary African growth experiences, especially since, like elsewhere on the continent, structural transformation has remained elusive. Third, the book contributes to existing literature on Rwanda by highlighting that the Rwandan Patriotic Front prioritised services-based strategies partly to reduce its reliance on domestic businesspeople because of the elite vulnerability that has characterised its rule. This strategy has yielded growth and export diversification without achieving structural transformation because elite vulnerability has inhibited effective state–business relations. The introduction also includes a discussion of the methodology employed in the book and the structure of the chapters that follow.

The Conclusion first reiterates the three main arguments of the book. It then surveys changes and continuities in global education and development policies since the 1960s, while also touching on the present state of public education in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. It closes by reflecting on education’s double-edged nature as it relates to the problem of freedom: Does education emancipate, or oppress?

Focusing on the 1961 UNESCO Conference of African States on the Development of Education, this chapter shows how and why public schooling became the defining development project of West African independence. At the highpoint of African decolonization, two radically new propositions intersected, each shaping the other: the rise of new economic tools, including human capital theory and manpower planning, and the triumph of anticolonial and antiracist demands that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights indeed be universally applicable.

This chapter argues that colonial, Europhone education was the discursive terrain where battles over race and development were waged. Debates over education – access, curricula, credentials – were contests in which European and African men struggled over perceived limits to the African future. As such, contests over colonial education were clashes over different development visions, which were themselves veiled debates about race.

This chapter takes ideas from Vainikka and Young-Scholten’s chapter in the Handbook’s first edition (2013) on stages in the acquisition of L2 morphosyntax. Complementing this second edition chapter is Chapter 16, with its focus on the development of reading and writing by adult migrants with little or no literacy in their home language(s). This chapter applies ideas presented in the 2013 chapter to research on non-/low-literate adults to explore whether literacy influences their acquisition of morphosyntax. It provides an overview of key studies, of the L2 acquisition of migrant adults, both cross-sectional and longitudinal, over the decades that such research was prevalent. The focus of the chapter is application of two stage-based theories of L2 morphosyntax development, Organic Grammar and the Basic Variety. With these theories in mind, we discuss analyses of oral production data from adult migrants acquiring English and Italian, respectively. The results reveal learners’ use of unanalyzed chunks which rather than implicating literacy seems to implicate developmental stage.

The Introduction defines the paradigm of anticolonial development, acquaints the reader with the scope of the book, and situates its main contributions in the literatures on education, decolonization, race, and development in Africa. It argues that a Black Atlantic perspective changes how we see decolonization and development in West Africa, by revealing schooling’s essential role in aspirations of African emancipation. The second part of the Introduction details the book’s unique methodological approach of comparison in global perspective. Such comparison allows for dialogue across two different colonial and postcolonial histories (Ghana/British empire and Côte d’Ivoire/French empire), in the process offering a regional history of the global spread of public schooling during the twentieth century.

This chapter examines the relationship between trade and development. Centring the heterogeneity of developing states within the World Trade Organization (WTO), the chapter briefly analyses some of the trade law interests that are most important to these different types of developing country. It then turns to a question: how has international trade law accommodated the needs of different types of developing country through special and differential treatment?  The chapter contends that the rules of the global economic order and the WTO in relation to trade were developed and are being implemented in the shadow of a fiercely contested geopolitical power struggle. Despite the flexibilities in the WTO, developing and small island developing states’ trade interests are significantly marginalised in the rules’ implementation. Without fundamentally reimagining the inequities in our international trade regime, mere ‘window dressing’ or adoption of new rules of trade would only further marginalise the trade interests of the developing countries and SIDS in a non-inclusive way.

Numerous normal anatomical variants in the pediatric skeleton can be mistaken for fracture. It is important to be aware of variants to provide accurate diagnosis and avoid potential false interpretations of possible abuse.

Along the long bone diaphysis, in infants 1–4 months of age, smooth and thin periosteal new bone formation may be physiologic and not indicative of healing fracture. At the metaphyses in the growing skeleton, the subperiosteal bone collar is an osseous ring surrounding the metaphysis adjacent to the physis. It is responsible for variants in metaphyseal morphology, including beaking, step-offs and spurs, which can be mistaken for the classic metaphyseal lesion often associated with child abuse.

Variant ossification patterns at the acromion and pelvis, if unrecognized, can lead to concern for fracture. In addition, congenital abnormalities of the ribs and clavicles, including fusion anomalies and pseudarthroses, can simulate chronic, healing fracture.

This chapter reviews these and other developmental variants, and describes how to differentiate them from true fractures. Artifacts simulating fractures are briefly covered.

The function, composition and processes underlying the formation and maturation of the skeleton, bone the organ and bone the tissue, are the focus of this chapter. Knowledge of the immature infant skeleton and its inherent weaknesses and susceptibility to physical injury, facilitates understanding the morphologic manifestations of bone injury and the body’s response to associated tissue damage. The skeleton is a complex structure that plays a variety of different roles crucial to life. It is composed of many individual bones that are constructed of proteins, minerals and the cells specific to bone, namely, the families of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Bones form through enchondral and intramembranous ossification, and these processes are complex and tightly regulated by molecular genetics and cell-signaling pathways. Understanding the structure of the skeleton and its growth and development provides the foundation to understand its susceptibility to trauma and the pathology induced by injury and tissue damage.