This study examines how patterns of referencing in political science research have changed during the past three decades. By analyzing references in leading political science journals from 1990 to 2024, we reveal a notable shift: a decline in book references (52% to 28%) and a corresponding increase in journal article references (40% to 65%). These findings have important implications for students, the discipline, research libraries, and academia, particularly in tenure and promotion evaluations. They also raise concerns about the depth of analyses and increased specialization at the expense of broader synthesis.

We introduce the notion of a weak A2 space (or wA2-space), which generalises spaces satisfying Todorčević’s axioms A1–A4 and countable vector spaces. We show that in any Polish weak A2 space, analytic sets are Kastanas Ramsey, and discuss the relationship between Kastanas Ramsey sets and sets in the projective hierarchy. We also show that in all spaces satisfying A1–A4, every subset of $\mathcal {R}$ is Kastanas Ramsey iff Ramsey, generalising the recent result by [2]. Finally, we show that in the setting of Gowers wA2-spaces, Kastanas Ramsey sets and strategically Ramsey sets coincide, providing a connection between the recent studies on topological Ramsey spaces and countable vector spaces.

Two vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitors, valbenazine and deutetrabenazine, are approved for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia (TD), a persistent and potentially disabling movement disorder associated with prolonged exposure to antipsychotics and other dopamine receptor blocking agents. Since their initial approval in 2017, new formulations and doses for both medications have become available, including a sprinkle capsule for valbenazine and a once-daily tablet for deutetrabenazine. In light of these new therapeutic options, a comprehensive scoping review was conducted to consolidate the current knowledge about these medications. Both valbenazine and deutetrabenazine are safe and effective in treating TD. However, as they are different drugs, one objective of this review is to describe their pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Another objective is to summarize the similarities and differences as to how these medications are prescribed, specifically in terms of their warnings and precautions, their use in special populations, and recommendations for dosing when taken with concomitant medications. Results from double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials are presented, along with post hoc analyses that provide benchmarks for clinical relevance (eg, effect size, number needed to treat, minimal clinically important difference). As most patients with TD will require ongoing treatment, findings from long-term studies provide evidence for the safety and effectiveness of these medications.

This article examines the construction of statistics on labor emigration to France and the attempt of the Algerian state to integrate this emigration into development planning after independence. It draws on extensive primary sources in France, Algeria, and Switzerland, including colonial records, the ministries and offices of independent Algeria, international organizations and academic studies. To trace colonial legacies, it first considers the colonial expertise of the 1950s before turning to the Algerian emigration planning projects in the 1960s. Extending the work of James Scott and Timothy Mitchell, it argues that Algerian planners both recognized the biases embedded in colonial representations of migration, and sought to develop a form of statistical modernity that was critical and reflexive. They engaged in careful assessments of available data while simultaneously valuing it as a tool for action. In particular, critiques and reflections within the Algerian Ministry of Labor on the 1969 emigration planning model point to the need for a nuanced understanding of statistical modernity. Rather than perpetuating a colonial gaze on society, the introduction of this model primarily sought to address the limited informational capacities of the independent state. Demographic statistics thus became the main instrument for regulating emigration, but they were valued out of pragmatism rather than ideology. Given the limitations of other socio-economic indicators, such as unemployment rate, population statistics were among the few reliable sources available to allocate exit permits fairly across the regions of origin of prospective emigrants.

Towards the end of his al-Ghayth al-Musajjam fī Sharḥ Lāmīyat al-ʿAjam, Khalīl ibn Aybak al-Ṣafadī (d. 1363/764) aims a peculiar slight at his sometime teacher Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328/728), likening him to two famous executed heretics, al-Suhrawardī (d. circa 1191/587) and Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ (d. 759/142), in their shared ‘lack of reason’. Though often cited as evidence that al-Ṣafadī held his famous contemporary’s intelligence in low regard, the insult is more specifically aimed at his lack of discretion. In this article, I examine how Ibn Taymiyya is portrayed across the Sharḥ and argue that, when paired with insights from the book about al-Ṣafadī’s own language-centred hermeneutics, we gain a number of interesting insights into this prolific historian and adīb. The first is that he was closely familiar with and even mimicked aspects of the culture of ‘esoteric disclosure’, including in his criticism of Ibn Taymiyya and his indiscretion. Al-Ṣafadī also emerges as something of an exemplar of what Thomas Bauer has called Islam’s ‘cultural ambiguity’, whose final criticism of Ibn Taymiyya and of the heretics to whom he is likened is not any specific one of their beliefs, but rather their inability to exercise discretion in expressing them.

Tragically, the abuse of children within organizational contexts continues to persist across time and geographies. Various institutions established for children’s care and protection have repeatedly been exposed as epicentres of abuse. The concept and practice of ‘child safeguarding’ has emerged as an approach to address the systemic failures within organizational settings that enable – or fail to prevent – child abuse. Child safeguarding has received minimal academic attention and there is a notable lack of focus on the legal dimensions of child safeguarding, especially from an international human rights law perspective. This article contends that child safeguarding should shift from being viewed primarily as a practice issue to being understood and approached as a matter of children’s rights law. The article connects the concept and practice of child safeguarding with international children’s rights law norms and standards, examines the role of the state vis-à-vis non-state actors, and brings together the various guidance of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child articulating the responsibilities of states in protecting children from violence perpetrated by non-state actors, including a case example of the Committee’s inquiry into Chile’s residential care centres. The article suggests a baseline of child safeguarding responsibilities for NGOs working with children and calls for greater attention to child safeguarding within international children’s rights discourse.

Employing the ‘observation and collection’ method, this paper tracks some of the changes to the recent British English lexicon that have occurred through the use of syntactic category change. These involve primarily nominalization and verbification. Many of the examples discussed in the main body of the text and extended in the annex are of a contemporary nature.

Why do national jurists commit what appears to be blatant breaches of EU law even when they intend to comply? Instead of viewing such incidents as mere errors, I suggest one possible way of reconstructing them as meaningful social action. Drawing on Bourdieusian sociology I import the concept of allodoxia as a framework to understand the transplant of ideas about EU law into the national legal field. Allodoxia helps to unpack the structural tension that occurs between the habitual dispositions of the national jurists and the increased pressure from EU. Adding to this, I also use the notion of ontological primacy to conceptualise the symbolic dominance asserted by EU law over the worldview of national jurists, a dominance which obscures a proper understanding of the latter’s actions. I illustrate the argument with a case study of one such blatant ‘error’, when prominent Danish jurists in the late 1980s drafted and defended a buy-Danish clause in the tender materials for a major infrastructure project, the bridge over the strait of Storebælt. By insisting on the ontological parity of European EU law and national EU law respectively, and by using allodoxia as an analytical framework, we can better understand misapplication of law beyond the tradition error-paradigm, adding to our understanding of national reception of EU law. In a broader context, the Article aims to continue and broaden the introduction of a Bourdieusian approach to EU legal scholarship, in particular by drawing attention to the functioning of EU law within Member States.

The distinctive isolated elements of Cynopodius, characterised by their deep narrow base and spatulate crown, were first described (as spine-like elements) by Ramsay Heatley Traquair in the late 19th Century, based on specimens from the Burghlee Ironstone (Serpukhovian, Carboniferous) at Loanhead near Edinburgh, Scotland. The type species Cynopodius crenulatus is also known from older Calciferous Sandstone Measures (Viséan) of Fife. Here we provide evidence that the elements are teeth rather than spines or dermal claspers, as hypothesised elsewhere. Thin sections of the teeth, illustrated for the first time, show osteodentine and tubate dentine forming the crown, covered by a thin outer hypermineralised layer on the cusps, and trabecular osteodentine or acellular bone forming the base. In recent decades, teeth of Cynopodius have also been collected from the lower Carboniferous Sainte Genevieve Formation (Mississippian: Viséan) of Iowa, Kentucky, and West Virginia in the USA. We assign these teeth from Iowa to Cynopodius robustus n. sp. They are distinguished from the type species by their relative robustness, with a ratio of maximum crown length to root length of c. 2:3 for C. traquairi and c. 1:2 for C. crenulatus, and lack of longitudinal curvature. The Scottish and American occurrences, though widely separated in the early Carboniferous, are the only known localities for the genus. The similarity between these over 300-million-year-old teeth and those of Recent long-toothed teleost reef fishes like Ctenochaetus, for instance, suggests that the Cynopodius animals might also have been specialised detritivores.

This research paper investigated the potential application of essential oils nano-emulsion after characterization as natural preservatives in the dairy sector, by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration of ginger and clove oil nano-emulsion along with their impact on the sensory properties, starter culture activity and survivability of some foodborne pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in fortified laboratory-manufactured labneh. The characterized EOs nano-emulsions exhibited significant antimicrobial effect against the tested microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Aspergillus flavus). S. aureus was completely inhibited in labneh fortified with 0.1 µg/mL clove and ginger nano-emulsion in the first and second weeks of the storage period, respectively. While A. flavus count was reduced by 100 and 35% in labneh fortified with 1 µg/mL clove and ginger nano-emulsion, respectively. Nonetheless, the overall acceptability and flavour of the fortified samples revealed scores that were not significantly different from the control samples (P > 0.05). These results were obtained without interfering with the starter culture activity during processing and storage period. In conclusion, the obtained results open a promising avenue for the EOs nano-emulsions application as safe and natural alternative in the dairy industry.

Population ageing, increased immigration and strained public resources will challenge the future provision of formal older-age care. Despite growing diversity in older populations across Western countries, evidence on health-care utilization among older immigrants remains limited. Using full-population registry data from Norway (2011–2016) for individuals aged 60+, we examined transitions into home health care (HHC) and intensity of use (hours/day) by immigrant background. Across all country-of-origin groups, immigrants had lower odds of transitioning into HHC than natives, with differences narrowing as duration of residence increased. A broad socio-demographic patterning to HHC transitions generally held across the country background groupings. Higher transition likelihoods were observed for individuals with lower education, lower income, living alone, and residing in less urban areas. Childlessness was linked to higher relative transition propensities among natives and Nordic immigrants, but lower relative propensities among Western-origin and Eastern European immigrants. Among non-Western immigrants, childlessness appeared to have little influence on transition propensities. For HHC intensity, only non-Western immigrants received significantly fewer hours of care than natives. Subsequent analysis indicated that this difference was entirely contingent on living alone: Only non-Western immigrants living alone had significantly fewer hours of care than natives (living alone or otherwise). These findings highlight clear variation in HHC utilization by immigrant background and socio-demographic characteristics. Future research should investigate whether lower HHC use among older immigrants reflects reduced need or barriers to access. It will also be important to assess how compositional changes in the immigrant population may influence future patterns of HHC utilization.

The ROBINS-I tool is a commonly used tool to assess risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSI) included in systematic reviews. The reporting of ROBINS-I results is important for decision-makers using systematic reviews to understand the weaknesses of the evidence. In particular, systematic review authors should apply the tool according to the guidance provided. This study aims to describe how ROBINS-I guidance is currently applied by review authors. In January 2023, we undertook a citation search and screened titles and abstracts of records published in the previous 6 months. We included systematic reviews of non-randomised studies of intervention where ROBINS-I had been used for risk-of-bias assessment. Based on 10 criteria, we summarised the diverse ways in which reviews deviated from or reported the use of ROBINS-I. In total, 492 reviews met our inclusion criteria. Only one review met all the expectations of the ROBINS-I guidance. A small proportion of reviews deviated from the seven standard domains (3%), judgements (13%), or in other ways (1%). Of the 476 (97%) reviews that reported some ROBINS-I results, only 57 (12%) reviews reported ROBINS-I results at the outcome level compared with 203 reviews that reported ROBINS-I results at the study level alone. Most systematic reviews of NRSIs do not fully apply the ROBINS-I guidance. This raises concerns around the validity of the ROBINS-I results reported and the use of the evidence from these reviews in decision-making.

The dominant view in proliferation research holds that security guarantees from nuclear patrons reduce client states’ incentives to pursue nuclear armament. Yet in South Korea, public support for indigenous nuclear capabilities remains high despite strong trust in US extended deterrence. Drawing on the “better-now-than-later” logic from preventive war theory, we argue that this support reflects public forward-looking pessimism about the security environment, shaped by perceptions of the relative decline of the US and North Korea’s advancing nuclear capabilities. Analysis of the 2023 EAI Public Opinion Poll shows that concerns about systemic power shifts and pessimism about future inter-Korean relations are significantly associated with support for nuclear armament. South Korean public assessments of US extended deterrence and North Korea’s military threat do not align with conventional alliance theory expectations that high trust in extended deterrence should reduce support for nuclear armament. These findings underscore the need for reassurance strategies that address enduring alliance credibility.

It has been over a decade since the conceptual foundation of collective psychological ownership (CPO) was first built in the organizational behavior and management literature. A significant body of empirical studies has been conducted to examine CPO at either the team level or the individual level, providing divergent views of CPO and its application in different contexts. This article offers insights into the genesis and emergence of CPO as an outgrowth of prior scholarship on psychological ownership at the individual level to the team level. It also includes a systematic literature review of 96 studies that cited the seminal study of collective psychological ownership and had CPO as a major construct in its conceptualization and empirical setting. We conclude with directions for future scholarship that would enhance the theory of CPO, as well as methodological recommendations for testing the role of CPO in different applied contexts.